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{"sheet":"Instructions","index":0,"n_rows":31,"n_cols":3,"rows_kept":31,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[]
[null,"Instructions"]
[null,"Glossary of Terms for Operation and Maintenance of Off-grid Solar PV Systems"]
[]
[null,"Worksheets","Description"]
[null,"Glossary","The list of terms are defined in the context of :-- \n\n(i) Solar photovoltaic applications, including storage\n(ii) Off-grid solutions, and therefore standalone applications\n(iii) Humanitarian context, that is, settlements / camps for forcefully displaced persons (where applicable)\n\nThey are categorised by 'Product / System Lifecycle' and 'Applicability'. The filter provided can be used to sort relevant terms."]
[null,"Sources","The definition of the terminology is derived from a combination of sources, which are listed under this table."]
[null,"Filters for Sub-group","List of Applications and Related Services"]
[null,"Product / System Lifecycle"]
[null,"Stages","MAN: Manufacturing"]
[null,null,"OPN: Operation"]
[null,null,"MAI: Maintenance"]
[null,null,"EOL: End-of-Life"]
[null,"All off-grid solutions"]
[null,"Solar products and systems","Solar Lanterns"]
[null,null,"Solar Home Systems (SHS)"]
[null,null,"Solar Pumping Irrigation System (SPIS)"]
[null,null,"Rooftop Solar PV System (RSPV)"]
[null,null,"Solar Street Lights"]
[null,"Off-grid Storage","Solar batteries - Lithium Ion"]
[null,null,"Solar batteries - Lead Acid, Flooded / Valve Regulated "]
[null,"Fuel generators","Diesel Generators"]
[null,null,"Petrol Generators"]
[null,"Components","Solar PV panel"]
[null,null,"Solar inverter"]
[null,null,"Charge controller"]
[null,null,"Battery"]
[null,null,"Balance of system (cables, connection box, protective equipment, etc.)"]
[null,"Financial services for solar products","Pay-as-you-go  "]
[null,null,"Voucher based payment"]
[null,null,"Micro-credit"]

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[null,"Product / System Lifecycle"]
["Sl. No.","MAN","OPN","MAI","EOL","Term","Description","Applicability ","Source","Link","Primary Source"]
[1,null,"x","x",null,"Accessory","A device supplementing a main device or apparatus, by adding to its functionality as an add-on or exchangeable device.","All off-grid solutions","CENELEC, 2017","https://www.eera-recyclers.com/files/cen-clc-tc10sec135dc-sec-enq-pren45554-repare-reuse-upgrade-2.pdf","[SOURCE: 151-11-24, modified]"]
[2,null,null,"x",null,"Administration of maintenance","Ensures effective implementation, control, and documentation of maintenance services and results.","All off-grid solutions, components","Best Practices for Operation and Maintenance of Photovoltaic and Energy Storage Systems; 3rd Edition, 2018","https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy19osti/73822.pdf","-"]
[3,null,"x","x",null,"After sales service","After-sales services include all post-sale activities that help customers use and maintain the products. These services include installation of the product, providing technical support to customers, offering warranty coverage, ensuring spare parts availability, and repair service","All off-grid solutions","Redesigning after-sales service: Impact on incumbent product distribution channels, Ritu Mehta, Karthikeyan Balakumar","https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S096969892031287X","-"]
[4,null,"x","x",null,"Ammeter","The meter / device used for measuring current flowing through a conductor. ","All off-grid solutions, components","Circuit Globe, Electrical Instrumentation","https://circuitglobe.com/category/electrical-terms/electrical-instrumentation","-"]
[5,"x",null,null,null,"Amorphous silicon","Non-crystalline form of silicon formed using silicon vapour which is quickly cooled.","Solar products and systems","IRENA, 2016","https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2016/IRENA_IEAPVPS_End-of-Life_Solar_PV_Panels_2016.pdf","-"]
[6,null,"x","x",null,"Analogue controls","Controls using variable voltage or current to pass information.","All off-grid solutions, components","better source required","https://thepowersite.co.uk/blog/diesel-generator-glossary-jargon-buster/","-"]
[7,null,null,"x",null,"Anti-oxidant","Chemical compound used to prevent oxidation (corrosion of metals). Applied to exposed wires and terminals to prevent corrosion.","Off-grid storage","Installation, Operation & Maintenance of Solar PV Microgrid Systems A Handbook for Technicians, 2015","https://www.thecleannetwork.org/pdf/Installation-Operation-and-Maintenance-of-Solar-PV-Microgrid-Systems-A-Handbook-for-Technicians.pdf ","-"]
[8,null,"x","x",null,"Assembly","A set of components assembled into a single part","All off-grid solutions, components","CENELEC, 2017","https://www.eera-recyclers.com/files/cen-clc-tc10sec135dc-sec-enq-pren45554-repare-reuse-upgrade-2.pdf","[SOURCE: IEC 62542 definition 3.2, modified]"]
[9,null,"x","x",null,"Asynchronous","Term applied to motors or generators which operate at a speed not fixed by poleage and the supply frequency.","Fuel generators","The Power Site","https://thepowersite.co.uk/blog/diesel-generator-glossary-jargon-buster/","-"]
[10,null,"x","x",null,"Attenuators","Devices for reduction of the emission of sound (also known as silencers)","Fuel generators","The Power Site","https://thepowersite.co.uk/blog/diesel-generator-glossary-jargon-buster/","-"]
[11,null,"x","x",null,"Auto transfer starter","Transformer switching arrangement to reduce voltage applied to an electric motor during starting.","Fuel generators","The Power Site","https://thepowersite.co.uk/blog/diesel-generator-glossary-jargon-buster/","-"]
[12,null,"x","x",null,"Automatic transfer swtich","A device used to automatically switch a power supply from normal to emergency when a power failure occurs.","Fuel generators","The Power Site","https://thepowersite.co.uk/blog/diesel-generator-glossary-jargon-buster/","-"]
[13,null,"x","x",null,"Availability","Availability is the ratio of time a system or component is functional to the total time it is required or expected to function. It can be expressed as a percentage or proportion.","All off-grid solutions","Handbook of Reliability, Availability, Maintainability and Safety in Engineering Design, 2011","https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/Reliability-Availability-and-Serviceability-RAS#:~:text=Serviceability%20is%20an%20expression%20of,can%20be%20maintained%20and%20repaired.&text=Over%2Dengineering%2C%20which%20is%20designing,of%20redundant%20systems%20and%20components.","-"]
[14,null,"x","x",null,"Backup protection","Type of protection intended to operate only after the main protective device(s) has failed to operate.","Solar products and systems, fuel generators","The Power Site","https://thepowersite.co.uk/blog/diesel-generator-glossary-jargon-buster/","-"]
[15,null,"x","x",null,"Base load","The portion of load of a generator or building which is constant.","Solar products and systems, fuel generators","The Power Site","https://thepowersite.co.uk/blog/diesel-generator-glossary-jargon-buster/","-"]
[16,"x","x","x","x","Battery","A battery is a device which is used to store electrical charge.","Components","USAid, Solar PV System Maintenance Guide, 2013","http://poweringhealth.org/Pubs/Guyana_Solar_PV_Systems_Maintenance_Guide.pdf","-"]
[17,null,"x","x",null,"Battery energy storage systems (BESS) Warranty","Warranties for BESS provide mechanisms for buyers and investors to mitigate the technical and operational risks of battery projects, by transferring the risk of a manufacturing defect or performance issues to the manufacturer or the battery vendor. Warranties are used in the same way for traditional generation technologies, such as solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind. They typically warrant that the BESS components remain free from defects and performance over the course of the warranty period (up to 15 years for long-term warranties), providing that certain operating conditions, usage patterns, and other warranty conditions are met.","Off-grid storage","ESMAP, 2020","https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/34493/Warranties-for-Battery-Energy-Storage-Systems-in-Developing-Countries.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y","-"]
[18,null,"x","x",null,"Battery state of charge (SOC)","SOC is the level of charge of an electric battery relative to its capacity. Must be checked on weekly basis as part of preventative maintenance of batteries.","Off-grid storage","Installation, Operation & Maintenance of Solar PV Microgrid Systems A Handbook for Technicians, 2015","https://www.thecleannetwork.org/pdf/Installation-Operation-and-Maintenance-of-Solar-PV-Microgrid-Systems-A-Handbook-for-Technicians.pdf ","-"]
[19,null,"x","x",null,"Battery-coupled water pumping systems","PV pumping system that consists of photovoltaic (PV) panels, charge control regulator, batteries, pump controller, pressure switch and tank and DC water pump","Solar products and systems, off-grid storage","B. Eker, 2005","https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268199675_Solar_powered_water_pumping_systems","-"]
[20,null,"x","x",null,"Booster Pump","A surface pump used to increase pressure in a water line or to pull water from a storage tank and pressurize a water system. ","Solar products and systems, components","Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2010","https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_046471.pdf","-"]
[21,null,"x","x",null,"Cable Splice","A joint in an electrical cable.","All off-grid solutions, components","Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2010","https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_046471.pdf","-"]
[22,null,"x","x",null,"Centrifugal Pump","A pumping mechanism that spins water by means of an impeller. Water is forced out of the impeller by centrifugal force, thus giving energy (head) to the water.","Solar products and systems, components","Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2010","https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_046471.pdf","-"]
[23,"x","x","x","x","Charge controller","The device which regulates amount of current charging the battery and controls the energy produced by PV array.","All off-grid solutions, components","Installation, Operation & Maintenance of Solar PV Microgrid Systems A Handbook for Technicians, 2015","https://www.thecleannetwork.org/pdf/Installation-Operation-and-Maintenance-of-Solar-PV-Microgrid-Systems-A-Handbook-for-Technicians.pdf ","-"]
[24,null,"x","x",null,"Check Valve","A valve that allows water to flow one way but not the other.","Solar products and systems, components","Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2010","https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_046471.pdf","-"]
[25,"x","x","x","x","Circular economy ","The circular economy is a model of production and consumption, which involves sharing, leasing, reusing, repairing, refurbishing and recycling existing materials and products as long as possible. In this way, the life cycle of products is extended.","All","European Parliament, 2015 (updated 2021)","https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/economy/20151201STO05603/circular-economy-definition-importance-and-benefits","-"]
[26,null,"x","x",null,"Combined Heat and Power (CHP)","Use of a generating set or sets for the purpose of utilising the heat produced (via the exhaust and the radiator) as well as producing electricity.","Fuel generators","The Power Site","https://thepowersite.co.uk/blog/diesel-generator-glossary-jargon-buster/","-"]
[27,null,"x","x",null,"Commissioning","The process of “handing-over” the system to the client, i.e., ensuring that all system components have been properly installed, are in good condition and that the system is operating as expected.","All off-grid solutions","World Bank, 2018","http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/880931517231654485/pdf/123018-WP-P159391-PUBLIC.pdf","-"]
[28,"x","x","x","x","Component","A part of a product that cannot be taken apart without the destruction or impairment of its intended use.","All off-grid solutions, components","CENELEC, 2017","https://www.eera-recyclers.com/files/cen-clc-tc10sec135dc-sec-enq-pren45554-repare-reuse-upgrade-2.pdf","[SOURCE IEC 62542 definition 3.3, modified]"]
[29,"x","x","x","x","Component","A component is a part that cannot be further disassembled except by destructive means. Examples of components include batteries, cables, lighting elements, and plastic housing.","All off-grid solutions","Offgrid Solar Scorecard, 2004","http://www.offgridsolarscorecard.com/glossary.php","-"]
[30,null,null,"x",null,"Condition-based maintenance","The practice of using real-time information from data loggers to schedule preventive measures such as cleaning or to head off corrective maintenance problems by anticipating failures or catching them early.","All off-grid solutions","Best Practices for Operation and Maintenance of Photovoltaic and Energy Storage Systems; 3rd Edition,2018","https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy19osti/73822.pdf","-"]
[31,"x","x","x","x","Conduit","A special reinforced tube through which a cable moves.","Components","Cable Manufatcuring and Assembly Co Inc.","https://web.archive.org/web/20111103193821/http://www.cmacable.com/index.php/terms_and_definition","-"]
[32,"x","x","x","x","Connection","A connection forms a relationship between two components.","All off-grid solutions","Offgrid Solar Scorecard, 2004","http://www.offgridsolarscorecard.com/glossary.php","Lambert, A.J.D and Gupta, Surendra M. (2004) Disassembly Modelling for Assembly, Maintenance, Reuse and Recycling. CRC Press"]
[33,"x","x","x","x","Consumable","Product content that is foreseen to be frequently replaced or refilled during the normal life time of the product, such as filters, lubricants, refrigerants, heat exchange liquids, etc.","All off-grid solutions","CENELEC, 2017","https://www.eera-recyclers.com/files/cen-clc-tc10sec135dc-sec-enq-pren45554-repare-reuse-upgrade-2.pdf","-"]
[34,null,null,"x",null,"Corrective maintenance","Required to repair damage or replace failed components.","All off-grid solutions, components","Best Practices for Operation and Maintenance of Photovoltaic and Energy Storage Systems; 3rd Edition. 2018","https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy19osti/73822.pdf","-"]
[35,"x","x","x","x","Cradle to Cradle (C2C)","It is a variation of cradle-to-grave, exchanging the waste stage with a recycling process that makes it reusable for another product, essentially “closing the loop”.","Solar products and systems","Encyclopedia of corporate social responsibility, 2013","https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-642-28036-8_165#howtocite"]
[36,"x","x","x","x","Cradle to Gate ","Cradle-to-gate is an assessment of a partial product life cycle from resource extraction (cradle) to the factory gate (ie, before it is transported to the consumer).","Solar products and systems","Sustainability and life assessment of high strength natural fibre composites in construction, 2018","https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081004111000213","-"]
[37,"x","x","x","x","Cradle to Grave ","Cradle-to-grave is the full life cycle assessment from resource extraction (‘cradle’) to the use phase and disposal phase (‘grave’).","Solar products and systems","Sustainability and life assessment of high strength natural fibre composites in construction, 2017","https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081004111000212","-"]
[38,"x","x","x","x","Current","The current is the flow of electrons whose unit is ampere.","All off-grid solutions, components","Circuit Globe, Electrical Instrumentation","https://circuitglobe.com/category/electrical-terms/electrical-instrumentation","-"]
[39,null,"x","x",null,"Data Logging","Monitoring and recording key system parameters","All off-grid solutions, components","World Bank, 2018","http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/880931517231654485/pdf/123018-WP-P159391-PUBLIC.pdf","-"]
[40,null,"x","x",null,"Data Sheet","Data sheets are used to capture process, mechanical, electrical, and control requirements for equipment and instruments.","All off-grid solutions, components","Branan's Rules of Thumb for Chemical Engineers (Fifth Edition), 2012","https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/datasheet","-"]
[41,null,"x","x",null,"Decentralised Finance","Decentralized Finance refers to an ecosystem of financial applications that are built on top of a blockchain. Its common goal is to develop and operate in a decentralized way – without intermediaries such as banks, payment service providers or investment funds – all types of financial services on top of a transparent and trustless blockchain network","Financial services for solar products","Bitkom, 2020","https://www.bitkom.org/sites/default/files/2020-07/200729_whitepaper_decentralized-finance.pdf","-"]
[42,"x",null,"x","x","Design for disassembly","It involves designing products to maximise the ease with which they can be taken apart for repair or separated for recycling. This involves reducing the complexity and number of tools required, reducing the time taken and minimising any permanent damage to the product.","Solar products and systems","Offgrid Solar Scorecard, 2004","http://www.offgridsolarscorecard.com/glossary.php","-"]
[43,"x",null,"x","x","Design for the environment (DfE)","DfE optimizes a product’s performance over the complete lifecycle. It employs design approaches to reduce the overall human health and environmental impacts of a product, process or service, where impacts are considered across its lifecycle. DfE principles, first introduced by William McDonough Architects and Dr. Michael Braungart in 1992, have been expanded upon and adopted by design professionals, scholars and government agencies.","Solar products and systems","Offgrid Solar Scorecard, 2004","http://www.offgridsolarscorecard.com/glossary.php","-"]
[44,null,"x","x",null,"Diaphragm Pump","A type of pump in which water is drawn in and forced out of one or more chambers by a flexible diaphragm. Check valves let water into and out of each chamber.","Solar products and systems, components","Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2010","https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_046471.pdf","-"]
[45,null,"x","x",null,"Diesel bug","The generic term for the microbial growth found within fuel systems and fuel storage tanks. Formed of a variety of different strains of fungi and bacteria.","Fuel generators","The Power Site","https://thepowersite.co.uk/blog/diesel-generator-glossary-jargon-buster/","-"]
[46,null,null,null,"x","Direct Re-use","Use, by a person other than its previous owner or user, of products for the same purpose for which they were conceived without any preparation for reuse, except minimal cleaning and adjustments that can be performed by the owner themselves (therefore, also called second-hand products).","All off-grid solutions","CENELEC, 2017","https://www.eera-recyclers.com/files/cen-clc-tc10sec135dc-sec-enq-pren45554-repare-reuse-upgrade-2.pdf","-"]
[47,null,"x","x",null,"Direct-coupled pumping systems","PV pumping system sized to store extra water on sunny days so it is available on cloudy days and at night.","Solar products and systems","B. Eker, 2005","https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268199675_Solar_powered_water_pumping_systems","-"]
[48,"x",null,"x","x","Disassemblibility","Characteristic of a product which can be disassembled in several parts without destruction, and subsequently be reassembled (with the same or equivalent parts) and made operational.","All off-grid solutions","CENELEC, 2017","https://www.eera-recyclers.com/files/cen-clc-tc10sec135dc-sec-enq-pren45554-repare-reuse-upgrade-2.pdf","-"]
[49,null,null,"x","x","Disassembly","A process whereby an item is taken apart in such a way that it could subsequently be reassembled and made operational.","All off-grid solutions","CENELEC, 2017","https://www.eera-recyclers.com/files/cen-clc-tc10sec135dc-sec-enq-pren45554-repare-reuse-upgrade-2.pdf","[SOURCE: IEC 62542 definition 6.1, modified]"]
[50,null,null,"x","x","Disassembly","Disassembly is a process in which a product is separated into its components and/or subassemblies by non-destructive operations.","All off-grid solutions","Offgrid Solar Scorecard, 2004","http://www.offgridsolarscorecard.com/glossary.php","-"]
[51,null,null,null,"x","Disjointment","A process whereby materials are separated by mechanical means such that the item cannot subsequently be reassembled to make it operational, for example, by cutting, grinding, scratching and abrasive processes.","All off-grid solutions","CENELEC, 2017","https://www.eera-recyclers.com/files/cen-clc-tc10sec135dc-sec-enq-pren45554-repare-reuse-upgrade-2.pdf","[SOURCE: IEC 62542 definition 6.2]"]
[52,null,null,null,"x","Disposal","Disposal is the process of directing end of life material to discharge, such as incineration or landfill.","All off-grid solutions","Offgrid Solar Scorecard, 2004","http://www.offgridsolarscorecard.com/glossary.php","-"]
[53,"x",null,null,"x","Downcycle","Downcycle is the process of converting waste materials or useless products into new materials or products of lesser quality and reduced functionality.","All off-grid solutions","Offgrid Solar Scorecard, 2004","http://www.offgridsolarscorecard.com/glossary.php","-"]
[54,null,"x","x",null,"Drawdown","The lowering of the level of water in a well due to pumping","Solar products and systems","Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2010","https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_046471.pdf","-"]
[55,null,"x","x",null,"Drop Pipe","The pipe that carries water from a pump in a well up to the surface.","Solar products and systems","Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2010","https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_046471.pdf","-"]
[56,null,"x","x",null,"Duty assist","An arrangement where two (or more) generating sets are configured to provide mutual support in case of one piece failing to operate or needing assistance to achieve a required target: If one generating set fails to operate or cannot achieve a required target, the second (and subsequent) generating set will operate.","Fuel generators","The Power Site","https://thepowersite.co.uk/blog/diesel-generator-glossary-jargon-buster/","-"]
[57,null,null,null,"x","E-waste","E-waste is short for ‘electronic waste’ which means electronic goods and their parts that become waste products from formerly functioning electronics such as televisions, mobile phones and solar lights.","All off-grid solutions","Solar Aid, 2021","https://solar-aid.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/SolarAid_SM_Repair-Manual_A4-5-1-1.pdf","-"]
[58,null,"x","x",null,"Electronic governor","Electronic device to control and maintain the speed of an engine.","Fuel generators","The Power Site","https://thepowersite.co.uk/blog/diesel-generator-glossary-jargon-buster/","-"]
[59,null,null,null,"x","End-of-Life","End of life (EOL) is the final stage in a product’s lifecycle, once the product is at the end of its useful life.","All off-grid solutions","Offgrid Solar Scorecard, 2004","http://www.offgridsolarscorecard.com/glossary.php","-"]
[60,"x",null,null,"x","Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)","Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is an environmental policy approach in which a producer’s responsibility for a product is extended to the post-consumer stage of a product’s life cycle. An EPR policy is characterised by (1) shifting responsibility (physically and/or economically; fully or partially) upstream towards the producers and away from governments and (2) the provision of incentives to producers to take into account environmental considerations when designing their products.","Solar products and systems, components","IRENA, 2016","https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2016/IRENA_IEAPVPS_End-of-Life_Solar_PV_Panels_2016.pdf","-"]
[61,"x",null,null,"x","Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)","It represents a globally accepted concept for products and waste streams posing significant risks to human health and the environment. This concept says that economic operators placing such products onto the market carry responsibility for the sound end-oflife management of an equivalent amount of waste of such products. ","Solar products and systems, components","GIZ, 2018","https://www.giz.de/en/downloads/giz2018-en-waste-solar-guide.pdf","-"]
[62,"x","x","x","x","Fasteners","Fasteners are used to secure the connection between two components. Example of fasteners include screws, clamps and snap-fits.","All off-grid solutions, components","Offgrid Solar Scorecard, 2004","http://www.offgridsolarscorecard.com/glossary.php","-"]
[63,null,"x","x",null,"Float Switch","Turns a pump on and off when filling the stock tank. It is wired to the pump controller.","Solar products and systems","B. Eker, 2005","https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268199675_Solar_powered_water_pumping_systems","-"]
[64,"x","x","x","x","Flooded lead acid batteries","These are the most common lead-acid batteries used in solar applications. They contain vents which allow the resulting hydrogen gas from electrolysis escape. As a result, the electrolyte level will fall over a period of time, and must be monitored and topped up with water, preferably demineralised water.","Off-grid storage","Installation, Operation & Maintenance of Solar PV Microgrid Systems A Handbook for Technicians, 2015","https://www.thecleannetwork.org/pdf/Installation-Operation-and-Maintenance-of-Solar-PV-Microgrid-Systems-A-Handbook-for-Technicians.pdf ","-"]
[65,null,"x","x",null,"Flow Rate","The amount of fluid that flows in a given time, normally expressed in units of\ngallons per minute (gpm) in solar-powered systems.","Solar products and systems","Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2010","https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_046471.pdf","-"]
[66,null,"x","x",null,"Foot Valve","A check valve placed in the water source below a surface pump. It prevents water from flowing back down the pipe and causing the pump to lose prime.","Solar products and systems, components","Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2010","https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_046471.pdf","-"]
[67,null,"x","x",null,"Full Warranty","Provides full coverage against defective material or workmanship on all parts and any required labour (for 12 months).","All off-grid solutions","Limited versus Full Warranties: The Retail Perspective, Wilkes Robert, Wilcox James ","https://books.google.de/books?hl=en&lr=&id=5_vADwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT10&dq=manufacturer%27s+warranty&ots=QwTz8SJgPt&sig=8ju7NdRYOueXVhdHKfDCzU3qWmU&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=manufacturer's%20warranty&f=false ","-"]
[68,null,"x","x","x","Ground fault","A fault, or insulation failure, in the wire used to create a path to ground.","All off-grid solutions, components","U.S.DOL, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Glossary","https://www.osha.gov/electrical/glossary#ground-fault","-"]
[69,null,"x","x",null,"Grounding","The process of giving electrical lightning surges a direct path to the ground that bypasses valuable equipment.","All off-grid solutions","World Bank, 2018","http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/880931517231654485/pdf/123018-WP-P159391-PUBLIC.pdf","-"]
[70,null,null,null,"x","Hibernation","Customers often hold on to their offgrid solar products after their end-of-life. This is because when a consumer electronic reaches the end of its useful life it is common for consumers to store it for a period of time. It is a significant barrier to the effective flow of value within the circular economic model.","Solar products and systems, off-grid storage, components","PV Magazine, 2020","https://www.pv-magazine.com/2020/11/18/gogla-pushes-for-circular-offgrid-solar-solutions-with-e-waste-management-project/","-"]
[71,null,"x","x",null,"Hydrometer","Device used to measure the battery's state of charge (SOC) by determining the specific gravity of the electrolyte.","Off-grid storage","Installation, Operation & Maintenance of Solar PV Microgrid Systems A Handbook for Technicians, 2015","https://www.thecleannetwork.org/pdf/Installation-Operation-and-Maintenance-of-Solar-PV-Microgrid-Systems-A-Handbook-for-Technicians.pdf ","-"]
[72,null,null,null,"x","Incineration","Waste incinerators use the process of combustion to convert the waste materials into carbon dioxide and water.","All off-grid solutions","Waste Management for Polymers in Food Packaging Industries, Ioannis S.Arvanitoyannis, 2013","https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781455731121000144","-"]
[73,null,"x","x",null,"Installation Warranty","This is the part of the warranty that is the responsibility of the system installer and covers their workmanship as opposed to the panels or inverters within the system. It is also important to understand whether the installer or solar retailer will assist in enacting any manufacturer warranties should a fault occur with a major system component.","Solar products and systems","Solar Victoria","https://www.solar.vic.gov.au/solar-panel-pv/section-8-what-warranties-are-available","-"]
[74,"x","x","x","x","Interchangeable Components","Interchangeable components are made to specification that ensures that they will fit into any assembly of the same type.","All off-grid solutions, components","Offgrid Solar Scorecard, 2004","http://www.offgridsolarscorecard.com/glossary.php","-"]
[75,"x","x","x","x","Inverter","The purpose of an inverter is to convert the Direct Current (DC) electricity into the form of current suitable for Alternating Current (AC) electrical appliances and/or exportable to the AC grid.","Solar products and systems, components","Installation, Operation & Maintenance of Solar PV Microgrid Systems A Handbook for Technicians, 2015","https://www.thecleannetwork.org/pdf/Installation-Operation-and-Maintenance-of-Solar-PV-Microgrid-Systems-A-Handbook-for-Technicians.pdf ","-"]
[76,null,"x","x","x","Joint-and-several liability ","In a joint-and-several liability scheme, producers of a certain product or product group agree to jointly accept the liabilities for waste collection and recycling for a\nspecific product or product group","Financial services for solar products","IRENA, 2016","https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2016/IRENA_IEAPVPS_End-of-Life_Solar_PV_Panels_2016.pdf","-"]
[77,null,"x","x","x","Joint-and-several liability ","Producers agree to jointly accept the liabilities for waste collection and recycling. ","Financial services for solar products","Bridge to India, 2019","https://bridgetoindia.com/backend/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/BRIDGE-TO-INDIA-Managing-Indias-Solar-PV-Waste-1.pdf","-"]
[78,null,null,null,"x","Landfill","A landfill is a waste disposal site for the deposit of waste onto or into land.","All off-grid solutions","Environmental Permitting Guidance, The Landfill Directive, DEFRA, 2010","https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/69347/pb13563-landfill-directive-100322.pdf","-"]
[79,null,"x","x","x","Last-man-standing-insurance","An insurance product that covers a producer compliance scheme based on a PAYG approach if all producers disappear from the market. In that situation, the insurance covers the costs of collection and recycling.","Financial services for solar products","IRENA, 2016","https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2016/IRENA_IEAPVPS_End-of-Life_Solar_PV_Panels_2016.pdf","-"]
[80,null,"x","x","x","Last-man-standing-insurance","This product is part of collective recycling programs. It covers the costs of collection and recycling if all producers disappear from the market by the time the product’s end of life is reached. This is often implemented in combination with the PAYG financing scheme (for example, the implementation of the WEE directive in Germany).","Financial services for solar products","Bridge to India, 2019","https://bridgetoindia.com/backend/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/BRIDGE-TO-INDIA-Managing-Indias-Solar-PV-Waste-1.pdf","-"]
[81,null,"x","x","x","Last-man-standing-insurance","The insurance covers for an unforeseen event of a developer going out of business. In such scenario, the insurance company finances the waste collection and recovery. This is often implemented in combination with the PAYG financing scheme.","Financial services for solar products","TERI, 2020","https://www.teriin.org/article/managing-indias-clean-energy-waste-roadmap-solar-and-storage-industry","-"]
[82,"x","x","x","x","Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)","The act of measuring the environmental impact of a product or service throughout its life cycle, from the resources used to create the product or service, across its use by the user, to it's final end of life destination.","Solar products and systems","British Plastic Federation","https://www.bpf.co.uk/sustainable_manufacturing/life-cycle-analysis-lca.aspx","-"]
[83,null,"x","x",null,"Lifecycle","A product’s lifecycle refers to the life of a product from its design, raw material extraction and manufacture through its useful life and into its end of life disposal, recycle or reuse.","All off-grid solutions, components","Offgrid Solar Scorecard, 2004","http://www.offgridsolarscorecard.com/glossary.php","-"]
[84,null,"x","x",null,"Limited Warranty"," (12-month) Coverage against defective material or workmanship on all parts (labor costs not included)","All off-grid solutions","Limited versus Full Warranties: The Retail Perspective, Wilkes Robert, Wilcox James ","link not accesble","see also https://books.google.de/books?hl=en&lr=&id=5_vADwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT10&dq=manufacturer%27s+warranty&ots=QwTz8SJgPt&sig=8ju7NdRYOueXVhdHKfDCzU3qWmU&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=manufacturer's%20warranty&f=false "]
[85,null,"x","x",null,"Linear Current Booster (LCB)","Linear current booster optimizes the current in the pump motor while sacrificing the voltage. LCB is especially useful in low sunlight condition as they ensure the solar pump continues to pump water although this might be done at less power. LCB also stabilize the current from the PV panels and ensure your DC water pump is working in low sunlight conditions.","Solar products and systems","The Solar Brief, 2020","https://thesolarbrief.com/solar-water-pumps-for-irrigation-simple-starter-guide/","-"]
[86,"x","x","x","x","Lithium Ion Batteries","A type of rechargebale battery that's generally smaller and lighter for the same capacity, are faster at charging, and are less susceptible to degradation due to charging and discharging compared to other batteries . However, lithium ion batteries have a very high up-front cost and they can be sensitive to extreme temperature and voltages.","Off-grid storage","Installation, Operation & Maintenance of Solar PV Microgrid Systems A Handbook for Technicians, 2015","https://www.thecleannetwork.org/pdf/Installation-Operation-and-Maintenance-of-Solar-PV-Microgrid-Systems-A-Handbook-for-Technicians.pdf ","-"]
[87,null,"x","x",null,"Maintenance","A set of procedures to ensure the serviceability of a product. It also refers to activities covered under \"preventive maintenance\" (see definition).","All off-grid solutions","CENELEC, 2017","https://www.eera-recyclers.com/files/cen-clc-tc10sec135dc-sec-enq-pren45554-repare-reuse-upgrade-2.pdf","[SOURCE: ISO 4306-1:1990, definition 5.1, modified]"]
[88,null,"x","x",null,"Maintenance Service Contracts (MSC)","MSC defines the period over which the maintenance (Preventive Maintenance and/or Corrective Maintenance) actions are to be carried out and the payment to be made by the owner of the system to the service provider, over a defined period. ","All off-grid solutions","Extended Warranties, Maintenance Service and Lease Contracts, D.N.Prabhakar Murthy, Nat Jack","https://link.springer.com.ezproxy.avans.nl/book/10.1007%2F978-1-4471-6440-1#","-"]
[89,null,"x","x",null,"Manufacturer's Warranty","Otherwise referred to as “limited warranties,” manufacturer warranties are automatically bundled with the purchase of a manufacturer’s product.What makes them “limited?” Manufacturer warranties are only viable for a very specific window of time following the product purchase date. Generally, this time frame ranges from 90 days to an entire year with coverage offered as a product replacement plan rather than a complete repair option. ","Solar products and systems, components","Understanding the Difference Between Extended and Manufacturer Warranties .","https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Understanding+the+Difference+Between+Extended+and+Manufacturer...-a0588990782","-"]
[90,null,"x","x",null,"Micro-credit","Microcredit is the extension of very small loans (microloans) to impoverished borrowers who typically lack collateral, steady employment, or a verifiable credit history.","Financial services for solar products","Grameen Bank ","https://grameenbank.org/what-is-microcredit/","-"]
[91,null,"x","x",null,"Micro-credit","A part of the field of microfinance, microcredit is the provision of credit services to low-income entrepreneurs. Microcredit can also refer to the actual microloan.","Financial services for solar products","The Global Development Research Center","https://www.gdrc.org/icm/glossary/#M","ACCION"]
[92,null,"x","x",null,"Micro-finance institution (MFI)","MFIs are defined as different types of organizations that offer financial products and services to the poor, and which range from “non-governmental organizations (NGOs); cooperatives; community-based development institutions (e.g., self-help groups or credit unions); commercial and state banks, insurance and credit card com-panies; telecommunications and wire services; post offices; and other points of sales”.","Financial services for solar products","CGAP: Consultative Group to Assist the Poor, 2011","https://www.cgap.org/about/key-documents/cgap-annual-report-2011","-"]
[93,null,"x","x",null,"Micro-loans","A loan imparted by a microfinance institution to a microentrepreneur, to be used in the development of the borrower's small business. Microloans are used for working capital in the purchase of raw materials and goods for the microenterprise, as capital for construction, or in the purchase of fixed assets that aid in production, among other things.","Financial services for solar products","The Global Development Research Center","https://www.gdrc.org/icm/glossary/#M","ACCION"]
[94,null,"x","x",null,"Microfinance","Banking and/or financial services targeted to low-and-moderate income businesses or households, including the provision of credit.","Financial services for solar products","The Global Development Research Center","https://www.gdrc.org/icm/glossary/#M","ACCION"]
[95,null,"x","x",null,"Mobile elevating work platform (MEWP)","A mobile machine that is intended to move persons to working positions where they are carrying out work from the work platform with the intention that persons are getting on and off the work platform only at access positions at ground level or on the chassis and which consists as a minimum of a work platform with controls, an extending structure and a chassis.","All off-grid solutions","EU Standard for MEWP, 2009","https://www.mewp.de/wp-content/uploads/prEN_280_2009E.pdf","see also https://web.archive.org/web/20131109203553/http://kolkatascaffolding.com/YELLOW_BROCHURE.pdf "]
[96,"x","x","x","x","Modular","Modular products are designed with well-defined functions and interfaces so that they connect together easily. Modularly designed products can also be disassembled easily without damaging components.","All off-grid solutions, components","Offgrid Solar Scorecard, 2004","http://www.offgridsolarscorecard.com/glossary.php","-"]
[97,"x",null,null,null,"Monocrystalline silicon","Silicon manufactured in such a way that if forms a continuous single crystal without grain boundaries.","Solar products and systems","IRENA, 2016","https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2016/IRENA_IEAPVPS_End-of-Life_Solar_PV_Panels_2016.pdf","-"]
[98,null,"x","x",null,"Multi-Stage Centrifugal Pump","A centrifugal pump with multiple impellers arranged in series to produce higher pressure (head). ","Solar products and systems, components","Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2010","https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_046471.pdf","-"]
[99,null,"x","x",null,"Occupational Health and Safety (OHS)","Occupational Health and Safety is the discipline concerned with preserving and protecting human resources in the workplace. ","All off-grid solutions","PRIA","https://pria-academy.org/pluginfile.php/557/mod_resource/content/1/Unit_1_-_Introduction_to_Occupational_Health_and_Safety.pdf","https://osha.europa.eu/en/publications/e-facts/e-fact-68-osh-and-small-scale-solar-energy-applications"]
[100,null,"x","x",null,"Ohmmeter","The device which measures the resistance and the continuity of an electrical circuit and its components. It measures this resistance in Ohms (Ω).","All off-grid solutions","Circuit Globe, Electrical Instrumentation","https://circuitglobe.com/category/electrical-terms/electrical-instrumentation","-"]
[101,"x","x","x","x","Parallel connection","When stringing panels in parallel, each additional panel increases the current (amperage) of the circuit, however, the voltage of the circuit remains the same, and is equivalent to the voltage of each panel. In other words, the voltage isn’t additive.","All off-grid solutions, components","Ali McBride, Aurora, 2021","https://www.aurorasolar.com/blog/solar-panel-wiring-basics-an-intro-to-how-to-string-solar-panels/","-"]
[102,"x","x","x","x","Part","Any component or assembly of the system, excluding software, consumables and accessories.","All off-grid solutions, components","CENELEC, 2017","https://www.eera-recyclers.com/files/cen-clc-tc10sec135dc-sec-enq-pren45554-repare-reuse-upgrade-2.pdf","-"]
[103,null,null,null,"x","Pay-as-you-go (PAYG) \n(for End of Life Financing)","Cost of collection and recycling is borne by the producer. This is often implemented in combination with the Last-man-standing-insurance scheme (for example, the implementation of the WEE directive in Germany).","Financial services for solar products","Bridge to India, 2019","https://bridgetoindia.com/backend/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/BRIDGE-TO-INDIA-Managing-Indias-Solar-PV-Waste-1.pdf","-"]
[104,null,null,null,"x","Pay-as-you-go (PAYG) \n(for End of Life Financing)","The developer pays for the recycling process at the time of waste creation. This is often implemented in combination with the Last-man-standing-insurance scheme.","Financial services for solar products","TERI, 2020","https://www.teriin.org/article/managing-indias-clean-energy-waste-roadmap-solar-and-storage-industry","-"]
[105,null,null,null,"x","Pay-as-you-go (PAYG) \n(for End of Life Financing)","In a pay-as-you-go (PAYG) approach, the cost of collection and recycling is covered by market participants when waste occurs.","Financial services for solar products","IRENA, 2016","https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2016/IRENA_IEAPVPS_End-of-Life_Solar_PV_Panels_2016.pdf","-"]
[106,null,"x","x","x","Pay-as-you-put (PAYP) \n(for End of Life Financing)","A pay-as-you-put (PAYP) approach involves setting aside an upfront payment of estimated collection and recycling costs when a product is placed on the market. ","Financial services for solar products","IRENA, 2016","https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2016/IRENA_IEAPVPS_End-of-Life_Solar_PV_Panels_2016.pdf","-"]
[107,null,"x","x","x","Pay-as-you-put (PAYP) \n(for End of Life Financing)","The pay-as-you-put model requires pre-allocating a fixed amount for the waste management process. For example, First Solar, a leading solar module manufacturer in the United States, uses this approach for recycling the waste from its modules. With the sale of each module, it sets aside a lump sum to meet the estimated future collection and recycling cost of its modules.","Financial services for solar products","TERI, 2020","https://www.teriin.org/article/managing-indias-clean-energy-waste-roadmap-solar-and-storage-industry","-"]
[108,null,"x","x","x","Pay-as-you-put (PAYP) \n(for End of Life Financing)","The producers set aside an estimated cost for collection and recycling waste at the time of sale.","Financial services for solar products","Bridge to India, 2019","https://bridgetoindia.com/backend/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/BRIDGE-TO-INDIA-Managing-Indias-Solar-PV-Waste-1.pdf","-"]
[109,null,"x","x",null,"PAYG (for end-user payments)","In a PAYG model, a renewable energy developer or company rents a solar home system (consisting of a PV panel, a charge controller and a battery system) to a consumer, providing the basic energy needed to power general lighting, small appliances and phone charging. Through the PAYG model, companies can automate the receipt of payments, and customers in rural areas and remote locations can get immediate access to basic energy needs. This may be digitally enabled or using physical purchase methods such as voucher schemes.","Financial services for solar products","IRENA, 2019","https://irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Dec/IRENA_Refugee_settlements_2019.pdf","-"]
[110,null,"x","x",null,"Performance Guarantee","A solar panel performance guarantee establishes a base electricity production over the lifetime of the panels. The amount of electricity a solar panel produces slightly declines every year they are in use. This decline in production is fairly predictable as the power output should not lose more than 10-20% production over the first 25 years. If the panels drop below this at any time, a performance guarantee fixes or replaces any faulty panels so that the system is performing at optimal capacity.","Solar products and systems, components","Sunrun (USA based company - better source needed)","https://www.sunrun.com/go-solar-center/solar-terms/definition/solar-panel-warranty","https://www.epj-pv.org/articles/epjpv/pdf/2019/01/pv190004.pdf"]
[111,null,"x","x",null,"Performance Warranty","Type of warranty provided by the supplier to ensure that the system as a whole will meet or exceed the design performance for a number of years.","All off-grid solutions","World Bank, 2018","http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/880931517231654485/pdf/123018-WP-P159391-PUBLIC.pdf","-"]
[112,null,"x","x",null,"Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)","Personal protective equipment, commonly referred to as \"PPE\", is equipment worn to minimize exposure to hazards that cause serious workplace injuries and illnesses.","All off-grid solutions","Personal Protective Equipment, U.S.DOL","https://www.osha.gov/personal-protective-equipment","see also https://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg174.pdf"]
[113,"x","x","x","x","Pico products","Pico products include small, portable solar lanterns, flashlights, or lanterns designed to meet basic lighting needs as a direct replacement for kerosene lamps in a small household.","Solar products and systems","Off-Grid Solar Market Trends Report 2020","https://www.lightingglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/VIVID%20OCA_2020_Off_Grid_Solar_Market_Trends_Report_Full_High.pdf","-"]
[114,"x",null,null,null,"Poly- or multicrystalline\nsilicon","Silicon manufactured in such a way that it consists of a number of small crystals, forming grains.","Solar products and systems","IRENA, 2016","https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2016/IRENA_IEAPVPS_End-of-Life_Solar_PV_Panels_2016.pdf","-"]
[115,null,"x","x",null,"Positive Displacement Pump","Any mechanism that seals water in a chamber, then forces it out by reducing the volume of the chamber (e.g., a piston (including a jack), diaphragm, or rotary vane). It is used for low volume and high lift. (Contrast with Centrifugal Pump.)","Solar products and systems, components","Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2010","https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_046471.pdf","-"]
[116,null,"x","x","x","Preparation for re-use","A sequence of operations by which products, or parts thereof, are prepared so that they can be used by a person other than its previous owner or user, for the same purpose for which they were conceived. \nPreparation of Re-use of products includes cleaning, testing, repairing, etc. and can apply to both hardware and software settings and updates. \nPreparation of re-use of parts or components includes extracting them from the product where they are installed so that they can be used to build or repair other products. ","All off-grid solutions","CENELEC, 2017","https://www.eera-recyclers.com/files/cen-clc-tc10sec135dc-sec-enq-pren45554-repare-reuse-upgrade-2.pdf","-"]
[117,null,null,"x",null,"Preventive maintenance","Maintenance carried out according to predetermined technical criteria, indicated in the instructions for use or manufacturers technical documentation, with the intention of reducing the likelihood of equipment failure or degradation of a service rendered.","All off-grid solutions, components","Clinical Engineering Handbook (Second Edition), 2020","https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128134672000420","-"]
[118,null,"x","x",null,"Priming","The process of hand filling the suction and intake pipes of a surface pump with water. Priming is generally necessary when a pump is located above the water source. ","Solar products and systems, components","Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2010","https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_046471.pdf","-"]
[119,null,"x","x","x","Producer Responsibility Organization (PRO)","In many countries with mandatory Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) systems, companies established Producer Responsibility Organizations (PROs) to jointly organize collection, recycling and a fair distribution of costs. These are established between companies and other market players to collaborate and achieve volumes, and thereby reducing costs.","Financial services for solar products","GIZ, 2018","https://www.giz.de/en/downloads/giz2018-en-waste-solar-guide.pdf","-"]
[120,null,"x","x",null,"Product/Equipment Warranty","Solar panel equipment warranties cover the physical panels themselves. This includes any manufacturing defects, durability issues, or equipment failure. The warranty typically covers the cost of replacing the faulty or damaged panel with a new working one. Most equipment warranties for solar panels last between 10 - 15 years but some premium panels have warranties for up to 25 years.","Solar products and systems, components","Sunrun (USA based company - better source needed)","https://www.sunrun.com/go-solar-center/solar-terms/definition/solar-panel-warranty","Solar investment risk mitigation \u0001 are we all on the same page? Thomas C. Sauer https://www.epj-pv.org/articles/epjpv/pdf/2019/01/pv190004.pdf "]
[121,null,"x","x",null,"Pump Controller","An electronic device that controls or processes power between the solar array and the pump. It may perform any of the following functions: stopping and starting the pump, protecting the pump from overload, and converting or matching power.","Solar products and systems, components","Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2010","https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_046471.pdf","-"]
[122,null,null,null,"x","Re-purpose","To change a product so that it can be used for a different purpose.","All off-grid solutions, components","Offgrid Solar Scorecard, 2004","http://www.offgridsolarscorecard.com/glossary.php","-"]
[123,null,null,"x","x","Re-use","Any operation by which products or parts thereof are used again for the same purpose for which they were conceived.","All off-grid solutions","CENELEC, 2017","https://www.eera-recyclers.com/files/cen-clc-tc10sec135dc-sec-enq-pren45554-repare-reuse-upgrade-2.pdf","-"]
[124,null,null,null,"x","Re-use","The use of components and modules obtained from end of life products as spare parts or in other products.","All off-grid solutions, components","Offgrid Solar Scorecard, 2004","http://www.offgridsolarscorecard.com/glossary.php","-"]
[125,null,null,null,"x","Recycle","Recycling is the process of recovering scrap materials from products at their end of life stage and converting them to reusable materials.","All off-grid solutions, components","Offgrid Solar Scorecard, 2004","http://www.offgridsolarscorecard.com/glossary.php","-"]
[126,null,null,null,"x","Refurbish","Processing an end of life product such that its full functionality is restored.","All off-grid solutions, components","Offgrid Solar Scorecard, 2004","http://www.offgridsolarscorecard.com/glossary.php","-"]
[127,null,null,"x","x","Refurbishing ","Functional or aesthetical maintenance or repair of an item to restore to original, upgraded, or other predetermined form and functionality.","All off-grid solutions","CENELEC, 2017","https://www.eera-recyclers.com/files/cen-clc-tc10sec135dc-sec-enq-pren45554-repare-reuse-upgrade-2.pdf","[SOURCE: IEC 62542 definition 6.11]"]
[128,null,"x","x",null,"Reliability","The ability of a computer-related hardware or software component to consistently perform according to its specifications. It includes solar products and systems, including the digital infrastructure to operate and maintain the products / systems.","All off-grid solutions","Handbook of Reliability, Availability, Maintainability and Safety in Engineering Design, 2011","https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/Reliability-Availability-and-Serviceability-RAS#:~:text=Serviceability%20is%20an%20expression%20of,can%20be%20maintained%20and%20repaired.&text=Over%2Dengineering%2C%20which%20is%20designing,of%20redundant%20systems%20and%20components.","-"]
[129,"x",null,null,"x","Remanufacture","Production process that creates products using parts taken from previously used products.","Solar products and systems","CENELEC, 2017","https://www.eera-recyclers.com/files/cen-clc-tc10sec135dc-sec-enq-pren45554-repare-reuse-upgrade-2.pdf","[SOURCE: IEC 62542 definition 6.12]"]
[130,null,"x","x",null,"Repair","The process of returning the product to serviceability, sometimes referred to as \"corrective maintenance\".","All off-grid solutions","CENELEC, 2017","https://www.eera-recyclers.com/files/cen-clc-tc10sec135dc-sec-enq-pren45554-repare-reuse-upgrade-2.pdf","[SOURCE: ISO 4306-1:1990, definition 5.2, modified]"]
[131,null,null,"x","x","Repair","Repair is aimed at restoring the product’s functionality after its failure. It often includes partial disassembly, component replacement and reassembly.","All off-grid solutions, components","Offgrid Solar Scorecard, 2004","http://www.offgridsolarscorecard.com/glossary.php","-"]
[132,null,"x","x","x","Reparability","Characteristic of a product that allows all or some of its parts to be separately repaired or replaced without having to replace the entire product.","All off-grid solutions","CENELEC, 2017","https://www.eera-recyclers.com/files/cen-clc-tc10sec135dc-sec-enq-pren45554-repare-reuse-upgrade-2.pdf","-"]
[133,null,"x","x",null,"Replaceable part","Part of a product, that can be replaced in order to repair or upgrade a product, including replacement of software, accessories and consumables.","All off-grid solutions","CENELEC, 2017","https://www.eera-recyclers.com/files/cen-clc-tc10sec135dc-sec-enq-pren45554-repare-reuse-upgrade-2.pdf","-"]
[134,null,null,"x","x","Reusability","Characteristic of a product that allows all or some of its parts or the product as a whole to be used again for the same purpose.","All off-grid solutions","CENELEC, 2017","https://www.eera-recyclers.com/files/cen-clc-tc10sec135dc-sec-enq-pren45554-repare-reuse-upgrade-2.pdf","-"]
[135,null,"x","x",null,"Reversible connection","Reversible disassembly operations are non-destructive actions that can be accomplished with relative ease, such as screwing and unscrewing or snapping and unsnapping. Reversible connections are important for repairing a product and not damaging fasteners or components.","All off-grid solutions, components","Offgrid Solar Scorecard, 2004","http://www.offgridsolarscorecard.com/glossary.php","-"]
[136,"x",null,"x",null,"Rework","Transforming products, which are not produced according to the standards, into products that meet the standards of properly produced items.","All off-grid solutions, components","Offgrid Solar Scorecard, 2004","http://www.offgridsolarscorecard.com/glossary.php","-"]
[137,null,"x","x",null,"Safety Data Sheet / SDS\n(or Material Safety Data Sheet / MSDS)","The SDS includes information such as the properties of each chemical; the physical, health, and environmental health hazards; protective measures; and safety precautions for handling, storing, and transporting the chemical.","All off-grid solutions, components","Hazard Communication Standard: Safety Data Sheets, OSHA","https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/publications/OSHA3514.pdf","-"]
[138,null,"x","x",null,"Scaffolding","Scaffolding, also called scaffold or staging, is a temporary structure used to support a work crew and materials to aid in the construction, maintenance and repair of buildings. These are a solution for working on heights or inaccesible parts of a building during solar PV installations.","All off-grid solutions","Oxford English Dictionary ","https://www.lexico.com/definition/scaffolding","-"]
[139,null,"x","x",null,"Sealed Piston Pump","A type of pump recently developed for solar submersibles. The pistons have a very short stroke, allowing the use of flexible gaskets to seal water out of the oilfilled mechanisms.","Solar products and systems, components","Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2010","https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_046471.pdf","-"]
[140,null,"x","x",null,"Self-Priming Pump","A pump that is able to draw some air suction in order to prime itself, at least in theory. (See Priming.)","Solar products and systems, components","Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2010","https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_046471.pdf","-"]
[141,null,null,null,"x","Separation (before recycling)","Once a product has reached its end of life, the materials within it need to be separated in order for them to be recycled. The use of glue and other adhesives which prohibit this separation process makes recycling more difficult.","All off-grid solutions, components","Offgrid Solar Scorecard, 2004","http://www.offgridsolarscorecard.com/glossary.php","-"]
[142,"x","x","x","x","Series connection","When stringing panels in series, each panel adds to the total voltage (V) of the string but the current (I) in the string remains the same. So, when considering power output, adding the voltages means that power can increase quickly under ideal circumstances.","All off-grid solutions, components","Ali McBride, Aurora, 2021","https://www.aurorasolar.com/blog/solar-panel-wiring-basics-an-intro-to-how-to-string-solar-panels/","-"]
[143,null,"x","x","x","Serviceability","Serviceability is an expression of the ease with which a component, device or system can be maintained and repaired.\n\nAlso: \"ability of a product to perform the specified functions\" [SOURCE: ISO 4306-1:1990, definition 1.2]","All off-grid solutions","Handbook of Reliability, Availability, Maintainability and Safety in Engineering Design, 2011","https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/Reliability-Availability-and-Serviceability-RAS#:~:text=Serviceability%20is%20an%20expression%20of,can%20be%20maintained%20and%20repaired.&text=Over%2Dengineering%2C%20which%20is%20designing,of%20redundant%20systems%20and%20components.","-"]
[144,null,"x","x","x","Short circuit","A Short Circuit is any current not confined to the normal path. The term comes from the fact that such currents bypass the normal load (i.e., it finds a “short” path around the load).","All off-grid solutions, components","Electrical Safety Hazards Handbook, 2005","https://lanl.gov/safety/electrical/docs/arc_flash_safety.pdf","-"]
[145,null,"x","x",null,"Signage ","Signs that ensure the safety of installed PV systems.","All off-grid solutions","Installation, Operation & Maintenance of Solar PV Microgrid Systems A Handbook for Technicians, 2015","https://www.thecleannetwork.org/pdf/Installation-Operation-and-Maintenance-of-Solar-PV-Microgrid-Systems-A-Handbook-for-Technicians.pdf ","-"]
[146,null,"x","x",null,"Solar array mounting system","The equipment used to safely secure the PV modules to the mounting surface or ground.","Solar products and systems","Installation, Operation & Maintenance of Solar PV Microgrid Systems A Handbook for Technicians, 2015","https://www.thecleannetwork.org/pdf/Installation-Operation-and-Maintenance-of-Solar-PV-Microgrid-Systems-A-Handbook-for-Technicians.pdf ","-"]
[147,"x",null,null,null,"Solar cell","Cells in a PV module made from semiconductor materials that convert sunlight to D.C. electricity. When light energy strikes the cell, electrons are knocked loose from the material’s atoms. Electrical conductors  attached to the positive and negative sides of the material allow the electrons to be captured in the form of a D.C. current.  ","Solar products and systems, components","B. Eker, 2005","https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268199675_Solar_powered_water_pumping_systems","-"]
[148,null,"x","x",null,"Solar Panel Warranty","A guarantee from the solar panel manufacturer or installer to ensure production levels and equipment reliability. The performance and equipment guarantees vary between products and solar companies, typically lasting between 10-25 years. A solar panel warranty has two distinct parts: product/equipment warranties and a performance guarantee. ","Solar products and systems","Sunrun (USA based company - better source needed)","https://www.sunrun.com/go-solar-center/solar-terms/definition/solar-panel-warranty","Solar investment risk mitigation \u0001 are we all on the same page? Thomas C. Sauer https://www.epj-pv.org/articles/epjpv/pdf/2019/01/pv190004.pdf "]
[149,null,"x","x",null,"Solar photovoltaic water pumping (SWP)","Pumping system that uses energy from solar photovoltaic (PV) panels to power an electric water pump.","Solar products and systems","Solar Pump - The Basics ","http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/880931517231654485/pdf/123018-WP-P159391-PUBLIC.pdf","-"]
[150,null,"x","x",null,"Solar Tracking System","The tracking system ensures your solar panels are producing at nearly optimum condition during the sun hours. The trackers monitor the position of the sun and move your solar panels to ensure that they are always facing the sun. So your tracker moves the solar panels early in the morning, during the day and late in the evening.","Solar products and systems","The Solar Brief, 2020","https://thesolarbrief.com/solar-water-pumps-for-irrigation-simple-starter-guide/","-"]
[151,"x","x","x","x","Spare Part","A part which can replace a faulty, failed or worn-out replaceable part.","All off-grid solutions","CENELEC, 2017","https://www.eera-recyclers.com/files/cen-clc-tc10sec135dc-sec-enq-pren45554-repare-reuse-upgrade-2.pdf","-"]
[152,"x","x","x","x","Subassembly","A connected set of components, such as a circuit board consisting of a PCB and soldered electronic components.","All off-grid solutions, components","Offgrid Solar Scorecard, 2004","http://www.offgridsolarscorecard.com/glossary.php","-"]
[153,null,"x","x",null,"Submersible Pump","A motor/pump combination designed to be placed entirely below the water surface.","Solar products and systems, components","Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2010","https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_046471.pdf","-"]
[154,null,"x","x",null,"Surface Pump","A pump that is not submersible in the water body. It must be placed no more than about 20 feet above the surface of the water in the well. ","Solar products and systems, components","Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2010","https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_046471.pdf","-"]
[155,"x",null,null,null,"Thin Film","Technology used to produce solar cells based on very thin layers of PV materials deposited over an inexpensive material (glass, stainless steel, plastic).","Solar products and systems","IRENA, 2016","https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2016/IRENA_IEAPVPS_End-of-Life_Solar_PV_Panels_2016.pdf","-"]
[156,"x",null,null,"x","Upcycle","To reuse discarded objects or materials in ways that create a new product with higher value than the objects or materials alone.","Solar products and systems, components","Offgrid Solar Scorecard, 2004","http://www.offgridsolarscorecard.com/glossary.php","-"]
[157,"x","x",null,null,"Upgradability","Characteristic of a product that allows all or some of its parts to be separately upgraded or replaced without having to replace the entire product.","All off-grid solutions","CENELEC, 2017","https://www.eera-recyclers.com/files/cen-clc-tc10sec135dc-sec-enq-pren45554-repare-reuse-upgrade-2.pdf","[SOURCE: ISO 14021:1999, definition 3.1.4, modified]"]
[158,"x","x",null,null,"Upgrade","A process to enhance the functionality or capacity of a product, including both hardware and software.","All off-grid solutions","CENELEC, 2017","https://www.eera-recyclers.com/files/cen-clc-tc10sec135dc-sec-enq-pren45554-repare-reuse-upgrade-2.pdf","[SOURCE: IEC 62075:2012, definition 3.23, modified]"]
[159,"x","x","x","x","Valve regulated lead–acid (VRLA) batteries","VRLA batteries are also known as captive electrolyte batteries where the electrolyte material is made immobile (to resemble a gel-like compound). Therefore, it is naturally sealed under normal operating conditions and it is no longer restricted in physical orientation (can be placed in any direction). It reduces the evaporation, spilling and corrosion problems that are common to wet-cell batteries. ","Off-grid storage","Installation, Operation & Maintenance of Solar PV Microgrid Systems A Handbook for Technicians, 2015","https://www.thecleannetwork.org/pdf/Installation-Operation-and-Maintenance-of-Solar-PV-Microgrid-Systems-A-Handbook-for-Technicians.pdf ","-"]
[160,null,"x","x",null,"Vane Pump","A positive displacement mechanism used in low volume, high lift surface pumps and booster pumps, also known as a “rotary vane.” It is durable and efficient, but should be used only for pumping clean water due to its mechanical precision.","Solar products and systems, components","Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2010","https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_046471.pdf","-"]
[161,null,"x","x",null,"Voltmeter","Instrument used to measure difference in potential between two points.","All off-grid solutions","Jameco, Electronics Glossary","https://www.jameco.com/Jameco/workshop/learning-center/glossary.html","-"]
[162,null,"x","x",null,"Voucher schemes","Voucher schemes are demand side or end-user subsidies are targeted to customers with the purpose of directly reducing the retail cost of a product of service and increasing affordability for the poorest and most vulnerable people.  Vouchers provide access to pre-defined commodities or services, and may be denominated either in cash, commodity, or service value.","Financial services for solar products","GOGLA, 2021","https://prod5.assets-cdn.io/event/5785/assets/8389274262-5c050f16ed.pdf","-"]
[163,null,"x","x",null,"Warranty / Base Warranty","A warranty is a legal contract which requires the manufacturer to either rectify or compensate for all failures occurring within the warranty period.","All off-grid solutions, components","DNP Murthy, University of Queensland, 2007","https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262655437_Product_reliability_and_warranty_An_overview_and_future_research","-"]

{"sheet":"Sources","index":2,"n_rows":25,"n_cols":4,"rows_kept":25,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[]
["Summary of Sources"]
[]
["Sl. No.","Source","Description","Link"]
[1,"Ali McBride, Aurora, 2021","Solar Panel Wiring Basics: 'An Intro to How to String Solar Panels', by Aurora Solar","https://www.aurorasolar.com/blog/solar-panel-wiring-basics-an-intro-to-how-to-string-solar-panels/"]
[2,"B. Eker, 2005","Bülent Eker, Publication on Solar Powered Water Pumping Systems","https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268199675_Solar_powered_water_pumping_systems"]
[3,"Bitkom, 2020","White Paper: Decentralized Finance (DeFi) – A new Fintech Revolution","https://www.bitkom.org/sites/default/files/2020-07/200729_whitepaper_decentralized-finance.pdf"]
[4,"Bridge to India, 2019","EU Related Measures and Financing Solutions for EOL of Solar PV Panels: \n\nThe EU’s Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) directive was formulated in 2002 and revised in 2012 to include module waste\nmanagement. It mandates all member states to implement legally binding regulatory framework for setting up tracking, collection and treatment\nmechanisms for module waste. The regulation addresses: i) liability; ii) collection, recovery and recycling targets; iii) treatment requirements; and\niv) information dissemination to ensure consumer awareness. (page 18)","https://bridgetoindia.com/backend/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/BRIDGE-TO-INDIA-Managing-Indias-Solar-PV-Waste-1.pdf"]
[5,"CENELEC, 2017","CEN/CLC European Standard\n: CEN-CENELEC TC10 Material Efficiency Aspects for Ecodesign\nprEN 45554 - General methods for the assessment of the ability to repair, reuse and upgrade\nenergy related products\nTo note: This source is a Draft for review, the original standard is a paid product","https://www.eera-recyclers.com/files/cen-clc-tc10sec135dc-sec-enq-pren45554-repare-reuse-upgrade-2.pdf"]
[6,"CGAP: Consultative Group to Assist the Poor, 2011","Annual Report 2011: Advancing Financial Access for the World's Poor","https://www.cgap.org/sites/default/files/organizational-documents/CGAP-Annual-Report-Dec-2011.pdf"]
[7,"DNP Murthy, University of Queensland, 2007","Product reliability and warranty: an overview and future research","https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262655437_Product_reliability_and_warranty_An_overview_and_future_research"]
[8,"ESMAP, 2020","Warranties for Battery Energy Storage Systems in Developing Countries","https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/34493/Warranties-for-Battery-Energy-Storage-Systems-in-Developing-Countries.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y"]
[9,"EU Standard for MEWP, 2009","Mobile elevating work platforms — Design calculations — Stability criteria\n— Construction — Safety — Examinations and tests","https://www.mewp.de/wp-content/uploads/prEN_280_2009E.pdf"]
[10,"GIZ, 2018","End-of-Life Management of Batteries in the Off-Grid Solar Sector","https://www.giz.de/en/downloads/giz2018-en-waste-solar-guide.pdf"]
[11,"GOGLA, 2021","Discussion Paper: How End-User Subsidies Can Help Achieve Universal Energy Access","https://prod5.assets-cdn.io/event/5785/assets/8389274262-5c050f16ed.pdf"]
[12,"IRENA, 2016","End of Life Management - Solar Photovoltaic Panels","https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2016/IRENA_IEAPVPS_End-of-Life_Solar_PV_Panels_2016.pdf"]
[13,"IRENA, 2019","IRENA - Renewables for refugee settlements - Sustainable Energy Access in Humanitarian Situations","https://irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Dec/IRENA_Refugee_settlements_2019.pdf"]
[14,"Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2010","Design of Small Photovoltaic (PV) Solar-Powered Water Pump Systems","https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_046471.pdf"]
[15,"Offgrid Solar Scorecard, 2004","Initiative and website by University of Edinburgh and the Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition. \nOriginal Source: Lambert, A.J.D and Gupta, Surendra M. (2004) Disassembly Modelling for Assembly, Maintenance, Reuse and Recycling. CRC Press","http://www.offgridsolarscorecard.com/glossary.php"]
[16,"PV Magazine, 2020","Article: GOGLA pushes for circular offgrid solar solutions with e-waste management project","https://www.pv-magazine.com/2020/11/18/gogla-pushes-for-circular-offgrid-solar-solutions-with-e-waste-management-project/\n"]
[17,"Solar Aid, 2021","Picosolar Diagnosis and Repair Manual","https://solar-aid.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/SolarAid_SM_Repair-Manual_A4-5-1-1.pdf"]
[18,"TERI, 2020","The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI): Article: 'Managing India's clean energy waste: A roadmap for the solar and storage industry', 18th March 2020","https://www.teriin.org/article/managing-indias-clean-energy-waste-roadmap-solar-and-storage-industry"]
[19,"The Global Development Research Center","Microcredit and Microfinance Glossary compiled from different sources by the Global Development Research center (GDRC)","https://www.gdrc.org/icm/glossary/#M"]
[20,"The Solar Brief, 2020","Solar Water Pumps for Irrigation: Simple Starter Guide","https://thesolarbrief.com/solar-water-pumps-for-irrigation-simple-starter-guide/"]
[21,"World Bank, 2018","Solar Pumping - Basics","https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/880931517231654485/pdf/123018-WP-P159391-PUBLIC.pdf"]