Difference between revisions of "Sustainable Energy for Cooling"

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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;segoe ui", "segoe ui web", arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
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<span class="link3">[[Energie durable pour le refroidissement|►French Version]]</span><br/>
= <span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(47, 84, 150); line-height: 22.66px; font-family: &quot;calibri light", "calibri light_msfontservice", sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="none"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">Introduction</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 22.66px; font-family: &quot;calibri light", "calibri light_msfontservice", sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983":0,"335559738":40,"335559739":0,"335559740":259}">&nbsp;</span><br/> =
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</div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr  BCX7 SCXW260284134" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;segoe ui", "segoe ui web", arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
 
<span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">One third of food production<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">worldwide&nbsp;</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">is lost every year.&nbsp;</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">&nbsp;</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">This is partly due to</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>missing infrastructure</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">s</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>for reliable electricity supply in rural areas of the Global South i</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">mpeding&nbsp;</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">the use of appropriate refrigeration technologies.</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">&nbsp;</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}">&nbsp;</span><br/>
 
</div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;segoe ui", "segoe ui web", arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
 
<span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Cooling</font>&nbsp;mostly relies on the usage of refrigerants which</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>can have a high global warming<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">impact<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">and</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>ozone depleting properties, being the cause of</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>major climate and environmental problems.<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">Especially lo</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">w</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>efficiency levels and high leakage rates of refrigeration equipment can increase emissions drastically.<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">Direct emissions</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>are<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">caused by<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">the release of a refrigerant which can occur<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">b</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">ecause of le</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">a</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">ks<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">from pipes or during regular servicing of the equipment. The</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>potential of reducing these emissions remains in adopting technologies that use natural refrigerants</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">, an approach called Green Cooling.&nbsp;</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}">&nbsp;</span><br/>
 
  
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= <span style="color:#00A3AD">Introduction</span><br/> =
</div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;segoe ui", "segoe ui web", arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
 
<span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">Indirect emissions</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>are<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">caused by</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>energy consumption and contribute to 2/3 of the total emissions. These depend on the source of electricity and can be reduced by raising energy efficiency<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">and/</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">or using renewable energies.</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>Many innovative approaches have shown how<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">clean energy solutions for cooling</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="AdvancedProofingIssue SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="background-position: left bottom; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; background-image: url(&quot;data:image/gif;base64,r0lgodlhbqaeapabajttfaaaach5bauaaaealaaaaaafaaqaaaifja2jelcaow=="); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">open up</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>new opportunities, especially for off-grid areas</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>while</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">helping to mitigate climate change</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}">&nbsp;</span><br/>
 
  
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One third of food production worldwide is lost every year. This is partly due to missing infrastructures for reliable electricity supply in rural areas of the Global South impeding the use of appropriate refrigeration technologies. [https://www.powerforall.org/insights/dre-technologies/powering-clean-farm-fork-solutions-zerohunger-world Read more...]
</div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;segoe ui", "segoe ui web", arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
 
= <span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(47, 84, 150); line-height: 22.66px; font-family: &quot;calibri light", "calibri light_msfontservice", sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="none"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">Technologies</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 22.66px; font-family: &quot;calibri light", "calibri light_msfontservice", sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983":0,"335559738":40,"335559739":0,"335559740":259}">&nbsp;<br/></span> =
 
</div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;segoe ui", "segoe ui web", arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
 
<span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">T</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">he rising demand for cooling equipment in the Global South reveals the need to find clean energy solutions,</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>as these can</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">provide access to cooling technologies in off-grid regions</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">, but also<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">enhance<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">environmental protection.<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">Traditional</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>off-grid</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">approaches</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">, like evaporative cooling</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">,<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">combined with new technologies that run on renewable energy and use en</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">vironmentally friendly alternatives</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">,</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">present climate-friendly and affordable solutions.&nbsp;</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}">&nbsp;</span><br/>
 
  
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<span class="link3">[[Cooling for Agriculture|Cooling]] mostly relies on the usage of refrigerants which can have a high global warming impact and ozone depleting properties, being the cause of major climate and environmental problems. Especially low efficiency levels and high leakage rates of refrigeration equipment can increase emissions drastically. '''Direct emissions '''are caused by the release of a refrigerant which can occur because of leaks from pipes or during regular servicing of the equipment. The potential of reducing these emissions remains in adopting technologies that use natural refrigerants, an approach called [[Green Cooling Initiative|Green Cooling.]]<br/>'''Indirect emissions''' are caused by energy consumption and contribute to 2/3 of the total emissions. These depend on the source of electricity and can be reduced by raising energy efficiency and/or using renewable energies. Many innovative approaches have shown how clean energy solutions for cooling open up new opportunities, especially for off-grid areas while helping to mitigate climate change.<br/>
</div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;segoe ui", "segoe ui web", arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
 
<span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">Evaporative cooling</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">uses</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>the cooling effect released during evaporation. It can be applied as a cooling technology by placing a clay pot within another clay pot, with a layer of wet sand in</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">-</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">between to provide water for evaporation. It can<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">also<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">be built as a large evaporative cooling chamber using brick walls with wet sand<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">between each one</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>and a straw and wood cover on top. As the device allows keeping temperatures low and humidity high, it</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">’s particularly effective for storing</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>vegetables.<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span>[[Evaporative_Cooling_Devices|Read more…]]<span class="TextRun EmptyTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"></span><span class="EOP SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}">&nbsp;</span><br/>
 
  
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[[File:Food losses FAO.jpg|thumb|center|600px|Source: FAO.]]<br/>
</div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;segoe ui", "segoe ui web", arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
 
<span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">Green Cooling</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>approaches involve the use of natural refrigerants</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">.</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>In contrast to artificial refrigerants CFCs, HCFCs and<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">HFCs,<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">natural refrigerants</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>are substances occurring in nature, including CO</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun Subscript SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: sub; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;" data-fontsize="11">2</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">, ammonia, hydrocarbons, air and water.<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">Maximizing energy efficiency is another green cooling strategy, fostering a sustainable approach to private and commercial energy consumption, by including</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">,</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>for example</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">,</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>renewable energies.<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span>[[Cooling|Read more…]]<span class="TextRun Underlined EmptyTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(5, 99, 193); line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: underline; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="none"></span><span class="EOP SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}">&nbsp;</span><br/>
 
  
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</div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;segoe ui", "segoe ui web", arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
 
<span class="TextRun Highlight SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: transparent solid 1px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">Pre-cooling</span></span><span class="TextRun Highlight SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: transparent solid 1px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>is the rapid removal of field heat shortly after crop harvest. It is one simple approach that reduces energetic consumption for cooling and enhances shelf-life afterwards. Due to biological factors, the methods<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun Highlight SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: transparent solid 1px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">and importance of pre-cooling</span></span><span class="TextRun Highlight SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: transparent solid 1px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun Highlight SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: transparent solid 1px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">vary among crops.<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun Highlight SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: transparent solid 1px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">Methods include shade, air cooling, water cooling, ice cooling and vacuum cooling.<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span>[[Pre-cooling_of_Agricultural_Products|Read more…]]<span class="TextRun EmptyTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"></span><span class="EOP SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}">&nbsp;</span><br/>
 
  
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= <span style="color:#00A3AD">Technologies</span><br/> =
</div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;segoe ui", "segoe ui web", arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
 
<span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">Among green cooling strategies,<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">t</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">he<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">S</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">olar<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">I</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">ce<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">M</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">aker</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>is one implementation example</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">.</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>Using solar energy to<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">feed a refrigeration system where water can be frozen and used in<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">refrigeration</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>devices, this technology<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">has</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>different kinds of<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="ContextualSpellingAndGrammarError SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="background-position: left bottom; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; background-image: url(&quot;data:image/gif;base64,r0lgodlhbqaeapedaabvzdnvzdnv/waaach5bauaaamalaaaaaafaaqaaaiinc2qchykqgeaow=="); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">uses</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="ContextualSpellingAndGrammarError SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="background-position: left bottom; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; background-image: url(&quot;data:image/gif;base64,r0lgodlhbqaeapedaabvzdnvzdnv/waaach5bauaaamalaaaaaafaaqaaaiinc2qchykqgeaow=="); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">:</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>it can be<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">utilized</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">for milk chilling, cooling down vegetables<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">during harvest, and much more</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">.<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">E</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">xamples of different value chains where<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">solar</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">ice mak</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">ing devices have been employed</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>are listed further below under<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun Underlined SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(68, 114, 196); line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: underline; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="none"><span class="NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">Case Studie</span></span><span class="TextRun Underlined SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(68, 114, 196); line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: underline; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="none"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">s</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">.&nbsp;</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}">&nbsp;</span>
 
</div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;segoe ui", "segoe ui web", arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
 
<span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">Another cooling example that involves ice is the<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">Water Chiller</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">.</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>Using a renewable energy source to freeze water</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">,</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>it creates cold air that is blown to a<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">storage room for commodities<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">like vegetables.<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: windowtext; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">Read more…</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}">&nbsp;</span><br/>
 
  
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The rising demand for cooling equipment in the Global South reveals the need to find clean energy solutions, as these can provide access to cooling technologies in off-grid regions, but also enhance environmental protection. Traditional off-grid approaches, like evaporative cooling, combined with new technologies that run on renewable energy and use environmentally friendly alternatives, present climate-friendly and affordable solutions.<br/>'''Evaporative cooling '''uses the cooling effect released during evaporation. It can be applied as a cooling technology by placing a clay pot within another clay pot, with a layer of wet sand in-between to provide water for evaporation. It can also be built as a large evaporative cooling chamber using brick walls with wet sand between each one and a straw and wood cover on top. As the device allows keeping temperatures low and humidity high, it’s particularly effective for storing vegetables. '''<span class="link3">[[Evaporative Cooling Devices|Read more…]]</span>'''<br/>'''Green Cooling''' approaches involve the use of natural refrigerants. In contrast to artificial refrigerants CFCs, HCFCs and HFCs, natural refrigerants are substances occurring in nature, including CO2, ammonia, hydrocarbons, air and water. Maximizing energy efficiency is another green cooling strategy, fostering a sustainable approach to private and commercial energy consumption, by including, for example, renewable energies. '''<span class="link3">[[Cooling|Read more…]]</span>'''<br/>'''Pre-cooling''' is the rapid removal of field heat shortly after crop harvest. It is one simple approach that reduces energetic consumption for cooling and enhances shelf-life afterwards. Due to biological factors, the methods and importance of pre-cooling vary among crops. Methods include shade, air cooling, water cooling, ice cooling and vacuum cooling. '''<span class="link3">[[Pre-cooling of Agricultural Products|Read more…]]</span>'''<br/>Among green cooling strategies, the '''Solar Ice Maker''' is one implementation example. Using solar energy to feed a refrigeration system where water can be frozen and used in refrigeration devices, this technology has different kinds of uses: it can be utilized for milk chilling, cooling down vegetables during harvest, and much more. Examples of different value chains where solar ice making devices have been employed are listed further below under Case Studies.<br/>Another cooling example that involves ice is the '''Water Chiller'''. Using a renewable energy source to freeze water, it creates cold air that is blown to a storage room for commodities like vegetables. '''<span class="link3">[[:File:Techsheet A3 solar ice maker V3.0.pdf|Read more…]]</span>'''<br/>
</div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;segoe ui", "segoe ui web", arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
 
<span class="TextRun Highlight SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: transparent solid 1px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">Cold Storage of Agricultural Products</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}">&nbsp;</span>
 
</div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;segoe ui", "segoe ui web", arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
 
<span class="TextRun Highlight SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: transparent solid 1px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">Cold storage facilities are crucial to minimize post-harvest losses; however, losses occur at every step in the post-harvest cycle, and thus cold storages cannot be considered as independent solutions to prevent post-harvest spoilage but as one component that needs to be integrated in a cold chain network from the point of harvest to the point of purchase by the end consumer. During the different stages in the post-harvest cycle, temperature control and the adequate handling of the produce are crucial to minimize post-harvest losses.<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span>[[Cold_Storage_of_Agricultural_Products|Read more…]]<span class="TextRun Underlined EmptyTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(5, 99, 193); line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: underline; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="none"></span><span class="EOP SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}">&nbsp;</span><br/>
 
  
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== <span style="color:#00A3AD">Cold Storage of Agricultural Products</span> ==
</div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;segoe ui", "segoe ui web", arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
 
= <span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(47, 84, 150); line-height: 22.66px; font-family: &quot;calibri light", "calibri light_msfontservice", sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="none"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">Actors & Innovations</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 22.66px; font-family: &quot;calibri light", "calibri light_msfontservice", sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983":0,"335559738":40,"335559739":0,"335559740":259}">&nbsp;</span><br/> =
 
</div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;segoe ui", "segoe ui web", arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
 
<span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">Creative approaches</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>and innovations in the cooling field</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>span from solar photovoltaic systems to biogas-powered models, facilitating access to cooling in rural areas without grid-access. The use of<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">climate-smart<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">systems for cooling leads to fewer post-harvest losses, higher food security and lower costs for food preservation. It<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">can also</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>result in higher incomes and<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="ContextualSpellingAndGrammarError SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="background-position: left bottom; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; background-image: url(&quot;data:image/gif;base64,r0lgodlhbqaeapedaabvzdnvzdnv/waaach5bauaaamalaaaaaafaaqaaaiinc2qchykqgeaow=="); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">independency, and</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>helps mitigating climate change. The number of green innovators supported by effective business models keeps rising and promises a sustainable transition for development.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}">&nbsp;</span><br/>
 
  
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Cold storage facilities are crucial to minimize post-harvest losses; however, losses occur at every step in the post-harvest cycle, and thus cold storages cannot be considered as independent solutions to prevent post-harvest spoilage but as one component that needs to be integrated in a cold chain network from the point of harvest to the point of purchase by the end consumer. During the different stages in the post-harvest cycle, temperature control and the adequate handling of the produce are crucial to minimize post-harvest losses. '''<span class="link3">[[Cold Storage of Agricultural Products|Read more…]]</span>'''<br/>
</div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;segoe ui", "segoe ui web", arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
 
== <span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">Biogas Milk Chilling<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">for</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>Dairy Farmers</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}">&nbsp;</span><br/> ==
 
</div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;segoe ui", "segoe ui web", arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
 
<span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">In the emerging dairy industry in East Africa, the demand is expected to double in the coming years. However, only 15 percent of milk produced reaches the formal market,<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">partly<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">due to the lack of access to a reliable power grid for cooling. As there<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">had been a lack of</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>solutions available on the market to provide milk chilling technologies at micro-scale,<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="SpellingError SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="background-position: left bottom; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; background-image: url(&quot;data:image/gif;base64,r0lgodlhbqaeajecap////8aaaaaaaaaach5baeaaaialaaaaaafaaqaaaiilgaxcchrtcgaow=="); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">SimGas</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>together with SNV developed a small-scale biogas-powered milk chiller for smallholder farmers in Kenya, Tanzania and Rwanda</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">.<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="FieldRange SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(225, 227, 230); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span class="TextRun Underlined SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(5, 99, 193); line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: underline; background-color: rgb(225, 227, 230); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="none"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">Read more…</span></span></span><span class="TextRun EmptyTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: windowtext; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"></span><span class="EOP SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}">&nbsp;</span><br/>
 
  
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= <span style="color:#00A3AD">Actors & Innovations</span> =
</div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;segoe ui", "segoe ui web", arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
 
== <span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: windowtext; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="SpellingError SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="background-position: left bottom; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; background-image: url(&quot;data:image/gif;base64,r0lgodlhbqaeajecap////8aaaaaaaaaach5baeaaaialaaaaaafaaqaaaiilgaxcchrtcgaow=="); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">ColdHubs</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}">&nbsp;</span><br/> ==
 
</div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;segoe ui", "segoe ui web", arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
 
<span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: windowtext; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">Cold Hubs are large walk-in storage rooms for fresh vegetables which include a refrigeration system that runs on solar power. Developed<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun Highlight SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: transparent solid 1px; color: windowtext; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">by<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun Highlight SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: transparent solid 1px; color: windowtext; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">ILK Dresden</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: windowtext; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: windowtext; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">and the Smallholder Foundation, this innovation can save huge amounts of perishable food</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: windowtext; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>(storage capacity of up to 2 tons</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: windowtext; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">)</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: windowtext; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: windowtext; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">can be used<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: windowtext; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">off-grid, being especially suitable for rural areas</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: windowtext; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">,</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: windowtext; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>where large amounts of food need to be stored before joining the market.<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: windowtext; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">Read more…</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}">&nbsp;</span><br/>
 
  
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Creative approaches and innovations in the cooling field span from solar photovoltaic systems to biogas-powered models, facilitating access to cooling in rural areas without grid-access. The use of climate-smart systems for cooling leads to fewer post-harvest losses, higher food security and lower costs for food preservation. It can also result in higher incomes and independency, and helps mitigating climate change. The number of green innovators supported by effective business models keeps rising and promises a sustainable transition for development.<span style="color:#00A3AD"></span><br/><span style="color:#00A3AD"></span>
</div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;segoe ui", "segoe ui web", arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
 
== <span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">Biogas-Powered Evaporative Cooling for the Dairy Industry</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}">&nbsp;</span><br/> ==
 
</div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;segoe ui", "segoe ui web", arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
 
<span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">The growing dairy industry throughout sub-Saharan Africa suffers from a lack of proper refrigeration options, which causes<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 17.26px; font-family: &quot;segoe ui", "segoe ui_msfontservice", sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="none"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">farmers</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 17.26px; font-family: &quot;segoe ui", "segoe ui_msfontservice", sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="none"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>to</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 17.26px; font-family: &quot;segoe ui", "segoe ui_msfontservice", sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="none"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>lose</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-us" lang="en-us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 17.26px; font-family: &quot;segoe ui", "segoe ui_msfontservice", sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="none"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>20-50 percent of their milk to spoilage</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">. The University of Georgia Research Foundation (UGARF) together with the Smallholder Fortunes</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">’</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>small scale demonstration dairy farm in Uganda have developed the<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="SpellingError SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="background-position: left bottom; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; background-image: url(&quot;data:image/gif;base64,r0lgodlhbqaeajecap////8aaaaaaaaaach5baeaaaialaaaaaafaaqaaaiilgaxcchrtcgaow=="); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">EvaKuula</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">: a biogas unit that works with cow manure and allows a mild heat treatment of the milk, followed by a gentle evaporative cooling process, keeping the milk fresh overnight. Working with local manufacturers, financing models are being developed to bring the local production to commercial scale. Using the<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="SpellingError SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="background-position: left bottom; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; background-image: url(&quot;data:image/gif;base64,r0lgodlhbqaeajecap////8aaaaaaaaaach5baeaaaialaaaaaafaaqaaaiilgaxcchrtcgaow=="); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">EvaKuula</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">, smallholder<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">dairy farmers not only profit from access to clean energy, which can be used for lighting and cooking, but also reduce greenhouse gas emissions from cow manure fermentation. 42 farmers (50</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>percent</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>of them being women) have so far benefitted from the deployment of this device.<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span>[https://poweringag.org/innovators/biogas-powered-evaporative-cooling-dairy-industry Read more…]<span class="TextRun EmptyTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: windowtext; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"></span><span class="EOP SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}">&nbsp;</span><br/>
 
  
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== <span style="color:#00A3AD">Biogas Milk Chilling for Dairy Farmers</span><br/> ==
</div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;segoe ui", "segoe ui web", arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
 
= <span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(47, 84, 150); line-height: 22.66px; font-family: &quot;calibri light", "calibri light_msfontservice", sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="none"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">Case Studies</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 22.66px; font-family: &quot;calibri light", "calibri light_msfontservice", sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983":0,"335559738":40,"335559739":0,"335559740":259}">&nbsp;</span><br/> =
 
</div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;segoe ui", "segoe ui web", arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
 
<span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">An increasing number of cooling technologies based on renewable energies are being used in different steps of the agricultural value chain</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">.</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">The following case studies provide an insight to the diversity of solutions, and the benefits obtained from implementing climate-smart cooling technologies in rural environments.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}">&nbsp;</span><br/>
 
  
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In the emerging dairy industry in East Africa, the demand is expected to double in the coming years. However, only 15 percent of milk produced reaches the formal market, partly due to the lack of access to a reliable power grid for cooling. As there had been a lack of solutions available on the market to provide milk chilling technologies at micro-scale, SimGas together with SNV developed a small-scale biogas-powered milk chiller for smallholder farmers in Kenya, Tanzania and Rwanda. '''<span class="link3">[[Biogas Milk Chilling to Increase Productivity and Incomes of Dairy Farmers|Read more…]]</span>'''<br/>
</div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;segoe ui", "segoe ui web", arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
 
== <span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="SpellingError SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="background-position: left bottom; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; background-image: url(&quot;data:image/gif;base64,r0lgodlhbqaeajecap////8aaaaaaaaaach5baeaaaialaaaaaafaaqaaaiilgaxcchrtcgaow=="); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">SunDanzer</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">: Solar Powered Refrigeration for Kenyan Dairy Farms</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}">&nbsp;</span><br/> ==
 
</div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;segoe ui", "segoe ui web", arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
 
<span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">In Kenya, 85 percent of dairy farms do not have access to refrigerated storage and transportation due to limited electrification in rural areas, leading to dramatic losses from milk spoilage.<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="SpellingError SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="background-position: left bottom; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; background-image: url(&quot;data:image/gif;base64,r0lgodlhbqaeajecap////8aaaaaaaaaach5baeaaaialaaaaaafaaqaaaiilgaxcchrtcgaow=="); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">SunDanzer</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>together with<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">Winrock</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>International have developed an affordable small-scale portable cooling system: the photovoltaic refrigerator (PVR) runs on solar energy and uses phase-change materials – substances capable of storing and releasing large amounts of energy – and therefore needs no battery. Additionally, the innovators have developed milk can blankets to retain the temperature during transportation.<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">60 solar-powered milk cooling refrigerators have been installed so far in Kenya</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>and two</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>in Rwanda. Users of<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="SpellingError SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="background-position: left bottom; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; background-image: url(&quot;data:image/gif;base64,r0lgodlhbqaeajecap////8aaaaaaaaaach5baeaaaialaaaaaafaaqaaaiilgaxcchrtcgaow=="); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">SunDanzer’s</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>refrigerators have stated that the technology has delivered many benefits, including increased financial security for households, increased food preservation, and</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>saved time.<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span>[https://poweringag.org/innovators/solar-powered-refrigeration-dairy-farms Read more…]<span class="TextRun EmptyTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"></span><span class="EOP SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}">&nbsp;</span><br/>
 
  
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[[File:Biogas Cooling in Kenya-Woman with milk cans.JPG|thumb|center|600px|Woman using SimGas Technology to cool her milk in Kenya (GIZ/Kameweru).|alt=Biogas Cooling in Kenya-Woman with milk cans.JPG]]
</div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;segoe ui", "segoe ui web", arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
 
== <span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">R</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">educing Milk Spoilage through Solar-Powered Chilling</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}">&nbsp;</span><br/> ==
 
</div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;segoe ui", "segoe ui web", arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
 
<span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">Perishable food worth of 10 billion US Dollars<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">is wasted annually in India because of unreliable cold-chain supply networks. Especially in farming areas and villages, the lack of reliable electricity</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">is<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">a challenge for running refrigeration systems</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">.<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">With<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">India being the largest consumer and producer of milk in the world, Promethean Power Systems together with<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="SpellingError SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="background-position: left bottom; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; background-image: url(&quot;data:image/gif;base64,r0lgodlhbqaeajecap////8aaaaaaaaaach5baeaaaialaaaaaafaaqaaaiilgaxcchrtcgaow=="); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">Hatsun</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">Agro</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>and Orb Energy have developed a solar milk cooling system that uses an innovative thermal energy battery pack. Charging on intermittent power sources such as solar power and/or a few hours of grid electricity, it allows changing the local food situation considerably.<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span>[https://poweringag.org/innovators/reducing-milk-spoilage-through-solar-powered-chilling Read more…]<span class="TextRun Underlined EmptyTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(5, 99, 193); line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: underline; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="none"></span><span class="EOP SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}">&nbsp;</span><br/>
 
  
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</div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;segoe ui", "segoe ui web", arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
 
== <span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="SpellingError SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="background-position: left bottom; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; background-image: url(&quot;data:image/gif;base64,r0lgodlhbqaeajecap////8aaaaaaaaaach5baeaaaialaaaaaafaaqaaaiilgaxcchrtcgaow=="); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">SunChill</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>Solar Cooling for Horticultural Preservation</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}">&nbsp;</span><br/> ==
 
</div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;segoe ui", "segoe ui web", arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
 
<span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">An innovation designed by Rebound Technologies (United States) aims to reduce post-harvest losses and enhance food consumption quality. The first versions of the<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="SpellingError SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="background-position: left bottom; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; background-image: url(&quot;data:image/gif;base64,r0lgodlhbqaeajecap////8aaaaaaaaaach5baeaaaialaaaaaafaaqaaaiilgaxcchrtcgaow=="); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">SunChill</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>cooling system have been tested in Mozambique and after being validated, a commercialization and expansion to the market is planned. The solar off-grid refrigeration system allows to immediately cool down food during harvest and provides continued product cooling at markets or central processing facilities.<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="SpellingError SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="background-position: left bottom; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; background-image: url(&quot;data:image/gif;base64,r0lgodlhbqaeajecap////8aaaaaaaaaach5baeaaaialaaaaaafaaqaaaiilgaxcchrtcgaow=="); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">SunChill</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="SpellingError SpellingErrorSuperscript Superscript SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="background-position: 0% 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: super; border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; background-image: url(&quot;data:image/gif;base64,r0lgodlhbqaeajecap////8aaaaaaaaaach5baeaaaialaaaaaafaaqaaaiilgaxcchrtcgaow=="); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;" data-fontsize="11">TM</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>transforms 50 °C solar thermal energy into 10 °C refrigeration, doubling shelf life and creating access to nutritional fruits and vegetables.</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>The innovation is also expected to create</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>manufacturing and service-based employment.<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">By the end of the project, Promethean sold over 600 units, enabling 25,000 dairy farmers to chill their milk without diesel generators<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">and to<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">get their milk to the market safely.<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span>[https://poweringag.org/innovators/sunchill-solar-cooling-horticultural-preservation Read more…]<span class="TextRun EmptyTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"></span><span class="EOP SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}">&nbsp;</span><br/>
 
  
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== <br/><span style="color:#00A3AD">ColdHubs</span><br/> ==
</div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;segoe ui", "segoe ui web", arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
 
== <span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">Solar Milk Cooling with Insulated Milk Cans</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}">&nbsp;</span><br/> ==
 
</div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;segoe ui", "segoe ui web", arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
 
<span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">Profitable milk production without cooling technologies can be a challenge. Firstly, m</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">ilk produced on small- to medium-scale farms is usually transported to milk collection facilities. The spoilage caused by bacterial growth during transportation due to warm temperatures leads to milk being refused by vendors.<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">Secondly</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">, many farmers do not sell their evening milk to the collection centres, as it cannot be stored adequately overnight. Instead, they sell the milk to neighbours or use it themselves. This<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">can increase the on-farm losses and reduce income. The solar milk cooling system developed by the University of Hohenheim (Germany) uses solar energy for ice production. The produced ice is used to cool the milk<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en" lang="en" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">by putting it into an ice-compartment of an<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">insulated milk can. This system allows lower temperatures during transportation and overnight storage, increasing the farms production and income.</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>On-field implementations have taken place in<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">Tunisia</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>(10 installed systems),<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">Kenya</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>(4 installed systems),<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">and Colombia<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">(also 4 installed systems).</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span></span></span>[[Solar_Milk_Cooling_with_Insulated_Milk_Cans|Read more…]]<span class="TextRun Underlined EmptyTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(5, 99, 193); line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: underline; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="none"></span><span class="EOP SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}">&nbsp;</span><br/>
 
</div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;segoe ui", "segoe ui web", arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
 
<span class="TextRun Underlined SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(5, 99, 193); line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: underline; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="none"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"></span></span><span class="EOP SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}">&nbsp;</span>
 
</div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;segoe ui", "segoe ui web", arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
 
= <span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(47, 84, 150); line-height: 22.66px; font-family: &quot;calibri light", "calibri light_msfontservice", sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="none"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">Publications</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(47, 84, 150); line-height: 22.66px; font-family: &quot;calibri light", "calibri light_msfontservice", sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="none"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>& Tools</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 22.66px; font-family: &quot;calibri light", "calibri light_msfontservice", sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983":0,"335559738":40,"335559739":0,"335559740":259}">&nbsp;</span><br/> =
 
</div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;segoe ui", "segoe ui web", arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
 
<span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">The refrigeration and air conditioning (RAC) sector<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="ContextualSpellingAndGrammarError SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="background-position: left bottom; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; background-image: url(&quot;data:image/gif;base64,r0lgodlhbqaeapedaabvzdnvzdnv/waaach5bauaaamalaaaaaafaaqaaaiinc2qchykqgeaow=="); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">is</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>expected to account for 13<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">percent</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2030.<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">With<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">an<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">increasing importance of<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">the sector</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>in the Global South, and the impact caused<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="AdvancedProofingIssue SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="background-position: left bottom; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; background-image: url(&quot;data:image/gif;base64,r0lgodlhbqaeapabajttfaaaach5bauaaaealaaaaaafaaqaaaifja2jelcaow=="); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">by the use of</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>conventional climate damaging refrigerants, research and development of<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">low-cost<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">climate-friendly solutions is pivotal.<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">The<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">RAC sector can provide different climate-smart cooling technologies affordable for costumers in the Global South</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>and improve living standards considerably without polluting</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}">&nbsp;</span><br/>
 
  
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Cold Hubs are large walk-in storage rooms for fresh vegetables which include a refrigeration system that runs on solar power. Developed by ILK Dresden and the Smallholder Foundation, this innovation can save huge amounts of perishable food (storage capacity of up to 2 tons) and can be used off-grid, being especially suitable for rural areas, where large amounts of food need to be stored before joining the market. '''<span class="link3">[[ColdHubs - Solar Cold Rooms in Nigeria|Read more…]]</span>'''<br/>
</div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;segoe ui", "segoe ui web", arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
 
== <span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">Implications of natural refrigerants for cooling technologies</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}">&nbsp;</span><br/> ==
 
</div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;segoe ui", "segoe ui web", arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
 
<span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">A</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">s</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">the global warming potential<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">(GWP)<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">of<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">conventional refrigerants (hydrofluorocarbons,<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">HFCs</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">)</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>is 4,000 times higher than CO</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun Subscript SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: sub; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;" data-fontsize="11">2</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">, the<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">pressure on manufacturers to<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">develop<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">climate friendly<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">RAC equipment</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>has risen in the last few years</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">. Natural refrigerants<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">have very good environmental and technical<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="ContextualSpellingAndGrammarError SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="background-position: left bottom; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; background-image: url(&quot;data:image/gif;base64,r0lgodlhbqaeapedaabvzdnvzdnv/waaach5bauaaamalaaaaaafaaqaaaiinc2qchykqgeaow=="); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">performance,</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="ContextualSpellingAndGrammarError SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="background-position: left bottom; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; background-image: url(&quot;data:image/gif;base64,r0lgodlhbqaeapedaabvzdnvzdnv/waaach5bauaaamalaaaaaafaaqaaaiinc2qchykqgeaow=="); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="ContextualSpellingAndGrammarError SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="background-position: left bottom; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; background-image: url(&quot;data:image/gif;base64,r0lgodlhbqaeapedaabvzdnvzdnv/waaach5bauaaamalaaaaaafaaqaaaiinc2qchykqgeaow=="); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">and</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">are</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">sustainable as<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">their extraction from unlimited sources does not harm the environment.<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">Even though<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">they are</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>less expensive and<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">therefore<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">commercially available<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">for almost any type of<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">equipment,<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">barriers still hinder their wide-scale introduction. The report presented in this article<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">explains</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"><span>&nbsp;</span>the main challenges faced by manufacturers along three examples from Bangladesh, Swaziland and South Africa.<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span>[[Implications_of_natural_refrigerants_for_cooling_technologies|Read more...]]<span class="TextRun Underlined EmptyTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(5, 99, 193); line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: underline; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="none"></span><span class="EOP SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}">&nbsp;</span><br/>
 
  
<br/>
+
== <span style="color:#00A3AD"><br/>Biogas-Powered Evaporative Cooling for the Dairy Industry</span><br/> ==
</div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;segoe ui", "segoe ui web", arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
+
 
== <span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">Ice-Making as a Productive Application in Green Mini-Grid (GMG) Systems</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}">&nbsp;</span><br/> ==
+
The growing dairy industry throughout sub-Saharan Africa suffers from a lack of proper refrigeration options, which causes farmers to lose 20-50 percent of their milk to spoilage. The University of Georgia Research Foundation (UGARF) together with the Smallholder Fortunes’ small scale demonstration dairy farm in Uganda have developed the EvaKuula: a biogas unit that works with cow manure and allows a mild heat treatment of the milk, followed by a gentle evaporative cooling process, keeping the milk fresh overnight. Working with local manufacturers, financing models are being developed to bring the local production to commercial scale. Using the EvaKuula, smallholder dairy farmers not only profit from access to clean energy, which can be used for lighting and cooking, but also reduce greenhouse gas emissions from cow manure fermentation. 42 farmers (50 percent of them being women) have so far benefitted from the deployment of this device. '''<span class="link3">[[Biogas-Powered Evaporative Cooling for Uganda’s Dairy Industry|Read more…]]</span>'''
</div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;segoe ui", "segoe ui web", arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
+
 
<span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">Productive Use (PU) activities, which refer to the utilisation of electricity for income and employment generation, can catalyse rural development and sustainable economic growth. The increasing demand for energy and the increasing household income can accelerate the success of green mini-grid (GMG) projects. The presented guide is designed to help practitioners assess whether ice-making for food preservation (in this case, fish) is an appropriate and financially viable application and provides guidance on how to operationalize ice-making PU. It is organized as a series of tools that help establish a set of best practices for off-grid electrification initiatives. The tools include: a feasibility checklist, a business model guidance, technical considerations and requirements for appropriate mini-grid sizing, a detailed financial model assessing various scenarios, and a guide on monitoring and evaluation.<span>&nbsp;</span></span></span>[[Ice-Making_as_a_Productive_Application_in_Green_Mini-Grid_(GMG)_Systems|Read more…]]<span class="TextRun Underlined EmptyTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(5, 99, 193); line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: underline; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="none"></span><span class="EOP SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}">&nbsp;</span>
+
== <span style="color:#00A3AD">DIY Solar Cooling</span><br/> ==
</div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;segoe ui", "segoe ui web", arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
+
 
<span class="TextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none;" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: inherit; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"></span></span><span class="EOP SCXW260284134 BCX7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.42px; font-family: calibri, calibri_msfontservice, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}">&nbsp;</span><br/>
+
The University of Hohenheim developed an approach that allows entrepreneurs, engineers, etc. in the Global South to assemble their own solar cooling systems, adapted to the local context and needs. The vendors and manufacturers&nbsp;of these simple but effective systems only need to import one piece while all other material can be obtained from the domestic market - making these systems much more cost-effective than comparable refrigeration systems that are wholly imported from abroad. '''<span class="link3">[[Do It Yourself - Solar Cooling Units|Read more ...]]</span>'''<br/>
</div>
+
 
 +
 
 +
= <span style="color:#00A3AD">Case Studies</span><br/> =
 +
 
 +
An increasing number of cooling technologies based on renewable energies are being used in different steps of the agricultural value chain. The following case studies provide an insight to the diversity of solutions, and the benefits obtained from implementing climate-smart cooling technologies in rural environments.<br/>
 +
 
 +
== <span style="color:#00A3AD"><br/>SunDanzer: Solar Powered Refrigeration for Kenyan Dairy Farms</span><br/> ==
 +
 
 +
In Kenya, 85 percent of dairy farms do not have access to refrigerated storage and transportation due to limited electrification in rural areas, leading to dramatic losses from milk spoilage. SunDanzer together with Winrock International have developed an affordable small-scale portable cooling system: the photovoltaic refrigerator (PVR) runs on solar energy and uses phase-change materials – substances capable of storing and releasing large amounts of energy – and therefore needs no battery. Additionally, the innovators have developed milk can blankets to retain the temperature during transportation. 60 solar-powered milk cooling refrigerators have been installed so far in Kenya and two in Rwanda. Users of SunDanzer’s refrigerators have stated that the technology has delivered many benefits, including increased financial security for households, increased food preservation, and saved time. '''<span class="link3">[[SunDanzer: Solar-Powered Refrigeration for Kenyan Dairy Farms|Read more...]]</span>'''
 +
 
 +
== <span style="color:#00A3AD">Reducing Milk Spoilage through Solar-Powered Chilling</span><br/> ==
 +
 
 +
Perishable food worth of 10 billion US Dollars is wasted annually in India because of unreliable cold-chain supply networks. Especially in farming areas and villages, the lack of reliable electricity is a challenge for running refrigeration systems. With India being the largest consumer and producer of milk in the world, Promethean Power Systems together with Hatsun Agro and Orb Energy have developed a solar milk cooling system that uses an innovative thermal energy battery pack. Charging on intermittent power sources such as solar power and/or a few hours of grid electricity, it allows changing the local food situation considerably. '''<span class="link3">[[Reducing Milk Spoilage through Solar Powered Milk Chilling|Read more...]]</span>'''
 +
 
 +
== <span style="color:#00A3AD">SunChill Solar Cooling for Horticultural Preservation</span><br/> ==
 +
 
 +
An innovation designed by Rebound Technologies (United States) aims to reduce post-harvest losses and enhance food consumption quality. The first versions of the SunChill cooling system have been tested in Mozambique and after being validated, a commercialization and expansion to the market is planned. The solar off-grid refrigeration system allows to immediately cool down food during harvest and provides continued product cooling at markets or central processing facilities. SunChillTM transforms 50 °C solar thermal energy into 10 °C refrigeration, doubling shelf life and creating access to nutritional fruits and vegetables. The innovation is also expected to create manufacturing and service-based employment. By the end of the project, Promethean sold over 600 units, enabling 25,000 dairy farmers to chill their milk without diesel generators and to get their milk to the market safely. '''<span class="link3">[[SunChill: Solar Cooling for Horticultural Preservation|Read more...]]</span>'''
 +
 
 +
== <span style="color:#00A3AD">Solar Milk Cooling with Insulated Milk Cans</span><br/> ==
 +
 
 +
Profitable milk production without cooling technologies can be a challenge. Firstly, milk produced on small- to medium-scale farms is usually transported to milk collection facilities. The spoilage caused by bacterial growth during transportation due to warm temperatures leads to milk being refused by vendors. Secondly, many farmers do not sell their evening milk to the collection centres, as it cannot be stored adequately overnight. Instead, they sell the milk to neighbours or use it themselves. This can increase the on-farm losses and reduce income. The solar milk cooling system developed by the University of Hohenheim (Germany) uses solar energy for ice production. The produced ice is used to cool the milk by putting it into an ice-compartment of an insulated milk can. This system allows lower temperatures during transportation and overnight storage, increasing the farms production and income. On-field implementations have taken place in Tunisia (10 installed systems), Kenya (4 installed systems), and Colombia (also 4 installed systems). '''<span class="link3">[[Solar Milk Cooling with Insulated Milk Cans|Read more…]]</span>'''<br/>
 +
 
 +
== <span style="color:#00A3AD">Reducing Seed Post-Harvest Losses with Silos</span><br/> ==
 +
 
 +
Rodents, insects, fungi and rot destroy small farming families’ provisions of grain and legumes. The result is a not only lack of income but also increases the risk of malnutrition and hunger. Better storage of food grains helps to prevent unnecessary grain losses.
 +
 
 +
Tanzania´s agricultural policy has introduced metal silos to battle this problem. '''[https://www.helvetas.org/en/switzerland/what-we-do/how-we-work/our-projects/africa/tanzania/tanzania-storage-food-products Read more...]'''
 +
 
 +
<span class="link3">In Mozambique, a local firm has developed a low-cost seed storage silo made of locally available materials&nbsp;and applying traditional construction techniques. '''[[Zero Emission Fridge for Rural Africa (ZEFRA)|Read more...]]'''
 +
 
 +
== <span style="color:#00A3AD">Preserving Food Using Mobile Solar-powered Cold Storages</span><br/> ==
 +
 
 +
Worldwide, postharvest food losses account for more than 30% of the total food produced. In Kenya, this number is even higher with over 40-50% of the produced food lost/wasted during the entire food value chain and in Nigeria 45% of the postharvest is lost due to lack of cold storage. [https://www.powerforall.org/insights/dre-technologies/powering-clean-farm-fork-solutions-zerohunger-world Read more...]
 +
 
 +
Solar Freeze, a company based in Kenya provides famers with solar-powered mobile cold storage for postharvest food preservation. Farmers can use their app to find the nearest cold storage and pay using M-PESA or cash. '''[http://www.solarfreeze.co.ke/ Read more...]'''
 +
 
 +
In India, there are local companies such as [https://www.ecozensolutions.com/ Ecozen] and [https://milaap.org/fundraisers/connect-our-farmers TAN90] which provide similar cold storage services to the farmers. Another example of a similar company is the [https://www.inspirafarms.com/ Inspira Farms].
 +
 
 +
 
 +
= <span style="color:#00A3AD">Publications & Tools</span><br/> =
 +
 
 +
The refrigeration and air conditioning (RAC) sector is expected to account for 13 percent of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2030. With an increasing importance of the sector in the Global South, and the impact caused by the use of conventional climate damaging refrigerants, research and development of low-cost climate-friendly solutions is pivotal. The RAC sector can provide different climate-smart cooling technologies affordable for costumers in the Global South and improve living standards considerably without polluting.<br/>
 +
 
 +
== <br/><span style="color:#00A3AD">Implications of Natural Refrigerants for Cooling Technologies</span><br/> ==
 +
 
 +
As the global warming potential (GWP) of conventional refrigerants (hydrofluorocarbons, HFCs) is 4,000 times higher than CO2, the pressure on manufacturers to develop climate friendly RAC equipment has risen in the last few years. Natural refrigerants have very good environmental and technical performance, and are sustainable as their extraction from unlimited sources does not harm the environment. Even though they are less expensive and therefore commercially available for almost any type of equipment, barriers still hinder their wide-scale introduction. The report presented in this article explains the main challenges faced by manufacturers along three examples from Bangladesh, Swaziland and South Africa. '''<span class="link3">[[Implications of natural refrigerants for cooling technologies|Read more...]]</span>'''<br/>
 +
 
 +
== <span style="color:#00A3AD"><br/>Ice-Making as a Productive Application in Green Mini-Grid (GMG) Systems</span><br/> ==
 +
 
 +
Productive Use (PU) activities, which refer to the utilisation of electricity for income and employment generation, can catalyse rural development and sustainable economic growth. The increasing demand for energy and the increasing household income can accelerate the success of green mini-grid (GMG) projects. The presented guide is designed to help practitioners assess whether ice-making for food preservation (in this case, fish) is an appropriate and financially viable application and provides guidance on how to operationalize ice-making PU. It is organized as a series of tools that help establish a set of best practices for off-grid electrification initiatives. The tools include: a feasibility checklist, a business model guidance, technical considerations and requirements for appropriate mini-grid sizing, a detailed financial model assessing various scenarios, and a guide on monitoring and evaluation. '''<span class="link3">[[Ice-Making as a Productive Application in Green Mini-Grid (GMG) Systems|Read more…]]</span>'''
 +
 
 +
== <span style="color:#00A3AD">How Access to Energy can Influence Food Losses</span><br/> ==
 +
 
 +
The FAO Report “How Access to Energy can Influence Food Losses” highlights the crucial interlinkages between access to energy and food losses in developing countries. It identifies the main stages of the food value chain where increasing access to energy can play a dominant role in reducing food losses directly, by making food processing possible, as well as indirectly by acting as the main enabling factor affecting the rate at which cooling technologies are adopted.&nbsp; It outlines low cost and off-grid post-harvest technologies such as cooling and solar drying that can be made available in developing countries. Most importantly, it assesses the technical and economic feasibility since access to capital can be a significant barrier hindering its implementation in the developing world.&nbsp;'''<span lang="en-gb">[http://www.fao.org/3/a-i6626e.pdf Read more...]</span>'''
 +
 
 +
[[Category:Powering_Agriculture]]
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[[Category:Water-Energy-Food_Nexus]]
 +
[[Category:Energy_Access]]
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[[Category:Sustainability]]
 +
[[Category:Cooling]]

Latest revision as of 10:15, 19 October 2020

►French Version

►Back to the WE4F Portal

Introduction

One third of food production worldwide is lost every year. This is partly due to missing infrastructures for reliable electricity supply in rural areas of the Global South impeding the use of appropriate refrigeration technologies. Read more...

Cooling mostly relies on the usage of refrigerants which can have a high global warming impact and ozone depleting properties, being the cause of major climate and environmental problems. Especially low efficiency levels and high leakage rates of refrigeration equipment can increase emissions drastically. Direct emissions are caused by the release of a refrigerant which can occur because of leaks from pipes or during regular servicing of the equipment. The potential of reducing these emissions remains in adopting technologies that use natural refrigerants, an approach called Green Cooling.
Indirect emissions are caused by energy consumption and contribute to 2/3 of the total emissions. These depend on the source of electricity and can be reduced by raising energy efficiency and/or using renewable energies. Many innovative approaches have shown how clean energy solutions for cooling open up new opportunities, especially for off-grid areas while helping to mitigate climate change.

Source: FAO.



Technologies

The rising demand for cooling equipment in the Global South reveals the need to find clean energy solutions, as these can provide access to cooling technologies in off-grid regions, but also enhance environmental protection. Traditional off-grid approaches, like evaporative cooling, combined with new technologies that run on renewable energy and use environmentally friendly alternatives, present climate-friendly and affordable solutions.
Evaporative cooling uses the cooling effect released during evaporation. It can be applied as a cooling technology by placing a clay pot within another clay pot, with a layer of wet sand in-between to provide water for evaporation. It can also be built as a large evaporative cooling chamber using brick walls with wet sand between each one and a straw and wood cover on top. As the device allows keeping temperatures low and humidity high, it’s particularly effective for storing vegetables. Read more…
Green Cooling approaches involve the use of natural refrigerants. In contrast to artificial refrigerants CFCs, HCFCs and HFCs, natural refrigerants are substances occurring in nature, including CO2, ammonia, hydrocarbons, air and water. Maximizing energy efficiency is another green cooling strategy, fostering a sustainable approach to private and commercial energy consumption, by including, for example, renewable energies. Read more…
Pre-cooling is the rapid removal of field heat shortly after crop harvest. It is one simple approach that reduces energetic consumption for cooling and enhances shelf-life afterwards. Due to biological factors, the methods and importance of pre-cooling vary among crops. Methods include shade, air cooling, water cooling, ice cooling and vacuum cooling. Read more…
Among green cooling strategies, the Solar Ice Maker is one implementation example. Using solar energy to feed a refrigeration system where water can be frozen and used in refrigeration devices, this technology has different kinds of uses: it can be utilized for milk chilling, cooling down vegetables during harvest, and much more. Examples of different value chains where solar ice making devices have been employed are listed further below under Case Studies.
Another cooling example that involves ice is the Water Chiller. Using a renewable energy source to freeze water, it creates cold air that is blown to a storage room for commodities like vegetables. Read more…

Cold Storage of Agricultural Products

Cold storage facilities are crucial to minimize post-harvest losses; however, losses occur at every step in the post-harvest cycle, and thus cold storages cannot be considered as independent solutions to prevent post-harvest spoilage but as one component that needs to be integrated in a cold chain network from the point of harvest to the point of purchase by the end consumer. During the different stages in the post-harvest cycle, temperature control and the adequate handling of the produce are crucial to minimize post-harvest losses. Read more…

Actors & Innovations

Creative approaches and innovations in the cooling field span from solar photovoltaic systems to biogas-powered models, facilitating access to cooling in rural areas without grid-access. The use of climate-smart systems for cooling leads to fewer post-harvest losses, higher food security and lower costs for food preservation. It can also result in higher incomes and independency, and helps mitigating climate change. The number of green innovators supported by effective business models keeps rising and promises a sustainable transition for development.

Biogas Milk Chilling for Dairy Farmers

In the emerging dairy industry in East Africa, the demand is expected to double in the coming years. However, only 15 percent of milk produced reaches the formal market, partly due to the lack of access to a reliable power grid for cooling. As there had been a lack of solutions available on the market to provide milk chilling technologies at micro-scale, SimGas together with SNV developed a small-scale biogas-powered milk chiller for smallholder farmers in Kenya, Tanzania and Rwanda. Read more…

Biogas Cooling in Kenya-Woman with milk cans.JPG
Woman using SimGas Technology to cool her milk in Kenya (GIZ/Kameweru).



ColdHubs

Cold Hubs are large walk-in storage rooms for fresh vegetables which include a refrigeration system that runs on solar power. Developed by ILK Dresden and the Smallholder Foundation, this innovation can save huge amounts of perishable food (storage capacity of up to 2 tons) and can be used off-grid, being especially suitable for rural areas, where large amounts of food need to be stored before joining the market. Read more…


Biogas-Powered Evaporative Cooling for the Dairy Industry

The growing dairy industry throughout sub-Saharan Africa suffers from a lack of proper refrigeration options, which causes farmers to lose 20-50 percent of their milk to spoilage. The University of Georgia Research Foundation (UGARF) together with the Smallholder Fortunes’ small scale demonstration dairy farm in Uganda have developed the EvaKuula: a biogas unit that works with cow manure and allows a mild heat treatment of the milk, followed by a gentle evaporative cooling process, keeping the milk fresh overnight. Working with local manufacturers, financing models are being developed to bring the local production to commercial scale. Using the EvaKuula, smallholder dairy farmers not only profit from access to clean energy, which can be used for lighting and cooking, but also reduce greenhouse gas emissions from cow manure fermentation. 42 farmers (50 percent of them being women) have so far benefitted from the deployment of this device. Read more…

DIY Solar Cooling

The University of Hohenheim developed an approach that allows entrepreneurs, engineers, etc. in the Global South to assemble their own solar cooling systems, adapted to the local context and needs. The vendors and manufacturers of these simple but effective systems only need to import one piece while all other material can be obtained from the domestic market - making these systems much more cost-effective than comparable refrigeration systems that are wholly imported from abroad. Read more ...


Case Studies

An increasing number of cooling technologies based on renewable energies are being used in different steps of the agricultural value chain. The following case studies provide an insight to the diversity of solutions, and the benefits obtained from implementing climate-smart cooling technologies in rural environments.


SunDanzer: Solar Powered Refrigeration for Kenyan Dairy Farms

In Kenya, 85 percent of dairy farms do not have access to refrigerated storage and transportation due to limited electrification in rural areas, leading to dramatic losses from milk spoilage. SunDanzer together with Winrock International have developed an affordable small-scale portable cooling system: the photovoltaic refrigerator (PVR) runs on solar energy and uses phase-change materials – substances capable of storing and releasing large amounts of energy – and therefore needs no battery. Additionally, the innovators have developed milk can blankets to retain the temperature during transportation. 60 solar-powered milk cooling refrigerators have been installed so far in Kenya and two in Rwanda. Users of SunDanzer’s refrigerators have stated that the technology has delivered many benefits, including increased financial security for households, increased food preservation, and saved time. Read more...

Reducing Milk Spoilage through Solar-Powered Chilling

Perishable food worth of 10 billion US Dollars is wasted annually in India because of unreliable cold-chain supply networks. Especially in farming areas and villages, the lack of reliable electricity is a challenge for running refrigeration systems. With India being the largest consumer and producer of milk in the world, Promethean Power Systems together with Hatsun Agro and Orb Energy have developed a solar milk cooling system that uses an innovative thermal energy battery pack. Charging on intermittent power sources such as solar power and/or a few hours of grid electricity, it allows changing the local food situation considerably. Read more...

SunChill Solar Cooling for Horticultural Preservation

An innovation designed by Rebound Technologies (United States) aims to reduce post-harvest losses and enhance food consumption quality. The first versions of the SunChill cooling system have been tested in Mozambique and after being validated, a commercialization and expansion to the market is planned. The solar off-grid refrigeration system allows to immediately cool down food during harvest and provides continued product cooling at markets or central processing facilities. SunChillTM transforms 50 °C solar thermal energy into 10 °C refrigeration, doubling shelf life and creating access to nutritional fruits and vegetables. The innovation is also expected to create manufacturing and service-based employment. By the end of the project, Promethean sold over 600 units, enabling 25,000 dairy farmers to chill their milk without diesel generators and to get their milk to the market safely. Read more...

Solar Milk Cooling with Insulated Milk Cans

Profitable milk production without cooling technologies can be a challenge. Firstly, milk produced on small- to medium-scale farms is usually transported to milk collection facilities. The spoilage caused by bacterial growth during transportation due to warm temperatures leads to milk being refused by vendors. Secondly, many farmers do not sell their evening milk to the collection centres, as it cannot be stored adequately overnight. Instead, they sell the milk to neighbours or use it themselves. This can increase the on-farm losses and reduce income. The solar milk cooling system developed by the University of Hohenheim (Germany) uses solar energy for ice production. The produced ice is used to cool the milk by putting it into an ice-compartment of an insulated milk can. This system allows lower temperatures during transportation and overnight storage, increasing the farms production and income. On-field implementations have taken place in Tunisia (10 installed systems), Kenya (4 installed systems), and Colombia (also 4 installed systems). Read more…

Reducing Seed Post-Harvest Losses with Silos

Rodents, insects, fungi and rot destroy small farming families’ provisions of grain and legumes. The result is a not only lack of income but also increases the risk of malnutrition and hunger. Better storage of food grains helps to prevent unnecessary grain losses.

Tanzania´s agricultural policy has introduced metal silos to battle this problem. Read more...

In Mozambique, a local firm has developed a low-cost seed storage silo made of locally available materials and applying traditional construction techniques. Read more...

Preserving Food Using Mobile Solar-powered Cold Storages

Worldwide, postharvest food losses account for more than 30% of the total food produced. In Kenya, this number is even higher with over 40-50% of the produced food lost/wasted during the entire food value chain and in Nigeria 45% of the postharvest is lost due to lack of cold storage. Read more...

Solar Freeze, a company based in Kenya provides famers with solar-powered mobile cold storage for postharvest food preservation. Farmers can use their app to find the nearest cold storage and pay using M-PESA or cash. Read more...

In India, there are local companies such as Ecozen and TAN90 which provide similar cold storage services to the farmers. Another example of a similar company is the Inspira Farms.


Publications & Tools

The refrigeration and air conditioning (RAC) sector is expected to account for 13 percent of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2030. With an increasing importance of the sector in the Global South, and the impact caused by the use of conventional climate damaging refrigerants, research and development of low-cost climate-friendly solutions is pivotal. The RAC sector can provide different climate-smart cooling technologies affordable for costumers in the Global South and improve living standards considerably without polluting.


Implications of Natural Refrigerants for Cooling Technologies

As the global warming potential (GWP) of conventional refrigerants (hydrofluorocarbons, HFCs) is 4,000 times higher than CO2, the pressure on manufacturers to develop climate friendly RAC equipment has risen in the last few years. Natural refrigerants have very good environmental and technical performance, and are sustainable as their extraction from unlimited sources does not harm the environment. Even though they are less expensive and therefore commercially available for almost any type of equipment, barriers still hinder their wide-scale introduction. The report presented in this article explains the main challenges faced by manufacturers along three examples from Bangladesh, Swaziland and South Africa. Read more...


Ice-Making as a Productive Application in Green Mini-Grid (GMG) Systems

Productive Use (PU) activities, which refer to the utilisation of electricity for income and employment generation, can catalyse rural development and sustainable economic growth. The increasing demand for energy and the increasing household income can accelerate the success of green mini-grid (GMG) projects. The presented guide is designed to help practitioners assess whether ice-making for food preservation (in this case, fish) is an appropriate and financially viable application and provides guidance on how to operationalize ice-making PU. It is organized as a series of tools that help establish a set of best practices for off-grid electrification initiatives. The tools include: a feasibility checklist, a business model guidance, technical considerations and requirements for appropriate mini-grid sizing, a detailed financial model assessing various scenarios, and a guide on monitoring and evaluation. Read more…

How Access to Energy can Influence Food Losses

The FAO Report “How Access to Energy can Influence Food Losses” highlights the crucial interlinkages between access to energy and food losses in developing countries. It identifies the main stages of the food value chain where increasing access to energy can play a dominant role in reducing food losses directly, by making food processing possible, as well as indirectly by acting as the main enabling factor affecting the rate at which cooling technologies are adopted.  It outlines low cost and off-grid post-harvest technologies such as cooling and solar drying that can be made available in developing countries. Most importantly, it assesses the technical and economic feasibility since access to capital can be a significant barrier hindering its implementation in the developing world. Read more...